1. INTODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1. Background and Justification
Essential oils are aromatic oils found in different parts of plants used for flavors, perfumes, aromatherapy and medicine [1]. These oils are volatile and different from fixed oils which are mainly triglycerides of fatty acids. Essential oils are obtained from thousands of plant species and in different parts of the plant such as flowers, leaves, twigs etc. Chemically, essential oils are very complex combinations containing compounds of every major functional group class [2]. The oils are isolated by different methods such as steam and solvent extraction. Essential oils have been produced and used for different purposes for many centuries. There are signs that crude preparations
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Solvents hexane, heptane, and methanol have been selected to be used during the experiments.
3.2. Equipment
A soxhlet extractor will be used to extract essential oils from the plant material (solid-liquid extraction). A flask will be used to hold the solvents and a condenser will be used to condense the solvent and essential oil mixture. A heating mantle with three heating plates will be used to heat the soxhlet extractor during the experiment. Filter paper will be used to filter the product from the soxhlet extractor if need be. A rotary evaporator will be used for liquid-liquid extraction. GCMS (Gas chromatography mass spectrometry) will be used to analyze the extract.
3.3. Experimental
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This yield will be used as a basis to determine the yield percentages after extraction. The three solvents namely hexane, heptane and pentane will be tested simultaneously using three soxhlet extractors. A flask half filled with the organic solvent will be attached to the soxhlet extractor containing the plant material. The cooling water will be turned on for the condensing unit. The extractors with the flasks will be placed on a heating mantle. Once the solvent boils the solvent vapor will travel up the distillation arm. When it condenses, it will drop on the solid substance contained in a thimble and extract the soluble compounds. When the liquid level fills the body of the extractor, it will automatically siphon into the flask. This process will continue repeatedly as the solvent in the flask is vaporized and condensed. When the extraction is done the heating-mantle will turned off and so will the cooling
With a ben pipette, keep removing the distillate and placing it into a 0.5 dram via labeled “Fraction 1” until 1.2 mL of collection. After collecting 1.2mL, raise the the heating block temperature to about 105-115 C higher and the collect 0.6 mL of solution placing to a 0.5 dram via labeled “Fraction 2.” Now, remove the distillation apparatus and allow it to cool – there is 1.2 mL of liquid left in distillation conical via, place it to via labeled “Fraction 3.” Do the gas chromatography analysis and then dispose the fraction 2 and save fractions 1 and 3 for the next day experiment. Finally, Gas chromatography analysis is done using gas chromatography and LabQuest
The lab started off by measuring critical materials for the lab: the mass of an an empty 100 mL beaker, mass of beaker and copper chloride together(52.30 g), and the mass of three iron nails(2.73 g). The goal of this experiment is to determine the number of moles of copper and iron that would be produced in the reaction of iron and copper(II) chloride, the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and the percent yield of copper produced. 2.00 grams of copper(II) chloride was added in the beaker to mix with 15 mL of distilled water. Then, three dry nails are placed in the copper(II) chloride solution for approximately 25 minutes. The three nails have to be scraped clean by sandpaper to make the surface of the nail shiny; if the nails are not clean, then some unknown substances might accidentally mix into the reaction and cause variations of the result.
ST Report In the experiment, the problem was the contaminants that were affecting the quality of the water samples. To fix this issue, three scientists had to determine the contaminants that were present in the samples. One sample was from the school sink and the second sample was from an unknown source. The scientists conducted many tests to figure out what pollutants were present in the water.
The History and Science of Healing With Essential Oils Did you know that at least 30% of prescription drugs in the United States are based on naturally occurring compounds from plants? Each year, millions of dollars are spent searching for new, undiscovered, curative elements in the bark, roots, flowers, seeds and foliage of plants from every corner of the Earth. As the most powerful part of the plant, essential oils and plant extracts have been mankind 's first medicine. History has shown and science supports that these can be used medicinally to kill bacteria and viruses.
Protocol for Initial TLC: A TLC chamber and a TLC plate were obtained making sure to wear gloves and to not damage the silica coating on the TLC plate. A line was drawn about 1 cm above the bottom of the plate using a pencil. The TLC plate was spotted with the unknown by adding a small drop to the plate with a capillary tube and then allowing the solvent to evaporate. The TLC chamber was prepared by adding enough methylene chloride to cover the bottom of the jar to about 0.5 cm depth.
The dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol takes place at the bottom of the Hickman still. As the Hickman still heats up within the sand bath, the products evaporate and travel higher up in the still where they condense into a liquid and fall within the collection ring, thus separating the product from the remaining water. Drierite (CaSO4) is also added as a drying agent to absorb any leftover water within the product. The purity of the product will then be analyzed with infrared spectroscopy, paying attention to OH peak if it is present. Chemical Reactions: Data and Observations: Material Volume Mol.
The first experiment involved in this four-week project was the extraction and
14 vials were used for cotaining samples. When the distillation was proceeding at a moderate speed at about the wanted temperature, the receiver was replaced with a vial as the condensed vapour sample (V) and the thermometer was read. Half of the vial was filled with the sample. The stopper of the distillation flask was removed and using a dropper to collect the liquid.
When blending, it is good to have in mind that oils from the same family blend well together; spices and citrus also blend well together; woody scents and citrus are a good combination; certain oils like peppermint, fennel, tea tree, clove, thyme and camomile, tend to take over any scent combination; menthol and flowery scents don’t tend to make a pleasing combination; many oils (jasmine, rose, orange, sandalwood, ylang-ylang) smell good on their own and do not need to be combined for a pleasing scent. Q15. Describe the procedure for storing essential oils. All essential oils must be stored in glass bottles, away from heat and direct sunlight.
INTRODUCTION A gas chromatograph (GC) can be utilized to analyze the contents of a sample quantitatively or in certain circumstances also qualitatively. In the case of preparative chromatography, a pure compound can be extracted from a mixture. The principle of gas chromatography can be explained as following: A micro syringe is used to inject a known volume of vaporous or liquid analyte into the head or entrance of a column whereby a stream of an inert gas acts a carrier (mobile phase). The column acts as a separator of individual or chemically similar components.
In a simple distillation, the solution is brought to a boil and the vapours rise into a stillhead that directs them into a condenser. The vapour is condensed to the liquid phase and collected. This method works well for solutions that are composed of liquids with vastly different boiling points. However, if the liquids are similar in boiling points, fractional distillation is the preferred method of separation. In this technique, vapours are forced to pass through a fractional distillation column before reaching the stillhead.
Again select the flask and select Distillation Head from the drop down menu. ➢ For the third time select the flask and choose Condenser from Distillation from the menu and for last time select the flask Distillation Take-off from the dropdown option. ➢ Select the 100 mL Graduated Cylinder from the Equipment option and put it underneath of distillation take-off.
The results of the study were expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in μg/ g of dry weight. Single factor experiments Effect of solvent type on extraction of phenolic compounds Selection of extraction solvents is very important as it has important role in the determination of the amount and the type of phenolic compounds that will be extracted. Aqueous alcohols particularly acetone, ethanol and methanol are usually preferred for the extraction of the phenolic compounds from
The thermal distillation process uses heat to evaporate water and then later liquefy again. When there is leftover heat or enough electricity available, as is often the case with factories and power plants, thermal distillation is a well-organized and workable
There are various types of Spices, which have been in the world for thousands of years these spices range from the well known black pepper to Aniseed, Asafoetida, Cardamom, Carom Seed, Clove, Coriander Seed, Fenugreek, and Mustard seed just to name a few. In the past hunters and gatherers wrapped meat in the leaves of bushes, accidentally discovering that this it enhanced the taste of the meat, so did certain nuts, seeds, berries, and bark. Over the years, spices and herbs were used for medicinal purposes. Back then people did not distinguish between those spices and herbs used for flavoring from those used for medicinal purposes. When leaves, seeds, roots, or gums had a pleasant taste or agreeable odor, it became in demand and gradually became a norm for that culture as a condiment.