Political Theorists of the 18th Century
Eighteenth century political theorists drew heavily from the concept of natural law, or the belief that right and wrong were inherent by the order of nature. Government was something that had to be “justified” to the people as a means of upholding the “rightness” delineated by nature. Thus, different forms of government attempted to justify their acceptability to the moral consciousness. Among them were absolutism, supported by Thomas Hobbes and constitutionalism justified by John Locke.
In his book entitled Leviathan, Hobbes expounded on his firm belief in the necessity and efficacy of an absolutist government. Hobbes believed that people were naturally "quarrelsome and turbulent," and that in order to maintain a lawful and peaceful society, they gave over their freedom to a ruler with unlimited sovereignty. His principal reasoning was that any questioning of governmental actions would provide an opening for ensuing chaos. Thus Hobbes believed that absolute power was a
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In his book The Two Treatises of Government, he explained, that unlike Hobbes, he opposed the doctrine of absolutism for he believed that people, by nature, were reasonable and capable of self-government. However, he acknowledged that people need a form of government to ensure that their individual rights are granted to them. Unlike under absolute rule, however, the power of the government is not unconditional. For if the government goes against its very purpose and does not protect the natural rights of the people, the people have a right to rebel against this government. Locke's philosophies greatly influenced the British colonies in the Americas. His ideas were heavily drawn upon by rebel leaders during the time leading up to the American Revolution and were even quoted in the Declaration of
Locke believed that it is people’s inherent right to govern themselves. He “championed the social contract and government by consent”. (Steven) He even went so far to say that people did not need to be governed. All that government is is a framework by which people protect their natural rights, but it only needs to exist in practice.
He favored representative government and a rule of law so people can have a say and their opinions matter. Locke condemned tyranny and said that when the government violates individual rights, people have the right to rebel. Locke’s writings and views inspired the libertarian ideals of the American Revolution and this inspired people throughout different continents. Thomas Jefferson had similar thinking. Thomas Jefferson used natural rights ideas to justify declaring independence from England.
John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were early English philosophers who each had very different views on the roles of the government and the people being governed. Their interpretations of human nature each had a lasting and vast impact on modern political science. Locke believed that men had the right to revolt against oppressive government. “‘Being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.”
Notable figures involved with the Revolution harbored the concepts of the philosophes and instilled thoughts of liberation into the colonies. John Locke, an English philosopher, reflected on these ideals in Two Treatises on Government writing, “…whenever government tries to take away and destroy the property of the people or reduce the people to slavery, it puts itself in a state of war with the people,” (Document 1). Locke promoted individual thinking in the government that would later set the foundation of modern democracy in America. He did not favor the way government prevented popular sovereignty and believed that doing so would only lead to unrest with the general public, which was the case with Britain’s relationship with the colonists. Another figure originally from England, Thomas Paine, strived to convince Americans to separate from British oppression in The American Crisis.
Nonetheless, if the government fails to protect our property or rights, we can rebel against him and remove him from his place. Locke’s law creates a government, that can run the society peacefully, and the law of the society is based on practical reasons. Locke thinks the majority rules is the best system of government. Locke has a positive view of ‘human nature’. He thinks men are good, and they are born with natural rights.
He believed people act selfishly, so they could not be trusted to make their own decisions. Hobbes said that the only purpose of a government was to protect people from their own evil and
Locke liked the idea of coming together logically and that people are a product of their environment. As said before Locke's ideas made their way into the constitution, in the bill of rights section 1,”We hold it to be self-evident that all persons are created…”. In 1689 Locke published his political philosophy Two Treatises of Government. This directly influenced the Declaration of Independence by using his idea of natural rights and political authority. He mainly argued that the main role of government was to protect its people.
On the other hand, Hobbes claimed that people could not really know what is right or wrong in the society, and thus could only leave well under the supervision of a common master. The approach is strong in that it traces the need to have an authority. It is weak because the disadvantages of each of the approach are not addressed. Of all the political philosophers, Hobbes is presented as the most powerful in grappling with the problems that endured during their time. In this case, Hobbes is seen to advocate for an authority that would determine what the people needed to do.
Hobbes believed that natural state of humans was violent and therefore needed order and control to ensure a just and equal society (Robinson 2016, 4). However Hobbes believed that a sovereign could maintain power without deceit and manipulation. Hobbes believed in the social contract which is when people could have a moral understanding about right and wrong to avoid the chaotic violent human nature. Hobbes believed in the idea of utilitarianism which would “maximize the most good and minimize the pain” (Robinson 201, 4). This would ensure that the sovereign was doing things for the right reasons and not to better himself but to better society as a
Thomas Hobbes wrote a famous book, The Leviathan, that explained how he thought humans were selfish and needed the government to keep order. He supported an absolute monarchy that could not be overthrown. Baron de Montesquieu said, “ Again, there is no liberty if the power of judging be not separated from the Legislative and Executive powers,” (Doc. 4). This displays how he wanted Separation of Powers, government division to keep one individual from rising to power.
Hobbes believed that man must escape their state of nature to be protected. Within this social contract the ruler had absolute power over the people which lead to their words and opinions never being heard. Hobbes believed that for the government to function properly, the people must obey the absolute monarchy and accept that their opinions are not being accounted. Hobbes explained, “And therefore, they that are subjects to a Monarch, cannot without his leave cast off Monarchy, and return to the confusion of a disunited Multitude; not tranferre their Person from him that beareth it…” (Hobbes in Perry, 22).
One his theories, stated in his book called Leviathan said that people are not able rule themselves because of how selfish mankind is and they need to be ruled by an iron fist. His political theory was that was also stated in Leviathan was that we should respect government authority under all circumstances to avoid violence. Hobbes was scared of the outcome of the social contract which meant people could get rid of the government if they were unhappy with what they were getting. In order to make well with the social contract he states in Leviathan that people should be completely obedient to the government. His reasoning was that if there was no government, there would be chaos.
According to Hobbes, a sovereign, whether the sovereign was placed into power by violence or force, is the only way to secure law and order. For him, if a citizen obeys the sovereign for fear of punishment or in the fear of the state of nature, it is the choice of the citizen. According to Hobbes, this is not tyranny; it is his idea of a society that is successful, one that does not have room for democracy. As a realist, Hobbes has a fierce distrust of democracy and viewed all of mankind in a restless desire for power. If the people are given power, law and order would crumble in Hobbes’ eyes.
sums one to another, and thereby endows us with the capacity to formulate the best means to whatever ends we might happen to have. From these premises of human nature, Hobbes goes on to construct a provocative and compelling argument for why we ought to be willing to submit ourselves to political authority. According to Hobbes, the justification for political obligation is this: given that men are naturally self-interested, yet they are rational, they will choose to submit to the authority of a Sovereign in order to be able to live in a civil society, which is conducive to their own interests. Hobbes argues for this by imagining men in their natural state, or in other words, the State of Nature.
Firstly, an absolute monarchy as proposed by Hobbes would require that people relinquish their own rights and to submit to one absolute power, which Locke feels is counterintuitive his understand of humans in the state of nature. A distinctive feature of Locke’s state of nature is perfect freedom for people to carry out their own wills without hindrance. Hence, Locke’s main critique of Hobbes’ absolutism is that people living under a Hobbesian