Cell Structure

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. They provide structure and organization for living things, enabling them to function properly in their environment. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes that vary depending on the type of organism they belong to. All cells have certain features in common, however; these include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria.


The cell membrane is an outer layer that separates the interior components from their external environment. It regulates what enters and exits the cell by acting as both a barrier and gatekeeper for substances such as nutrients or waste products moving into or out of it, respectively. Additionally, it helps maintain homeostasis within the cell by maintaining optimal conditions for chemical reactions taking place inside it.


The nucleus is one of the most important organelles found within eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei). It contains genetic material stored in DNA molecules that encodes instructions used for cellular processes such as protein synthesis or energy production. The nuclear envelope encloses this material, while pores allow communication between different parts of it when needed; chromatin threads contain genes along chromosomes made up of tightly coiled DNA strands, while transcription factors activate gene expression so proteins can be synthesized accordingly afterwards via the translation process happening at ribosomes present throughout the cytoplasmic matrix, also known as the cytosol. Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy through aerobic respiration, using oxygen taken up by cells from the surrounding environment. Their double-membrane allows regulation of internal biochemical processes occurring during ATP generation, providing fuel necessary to not only sustain life but also regulate metabolic pathways essential to the proper functioning of organism systems like cardiovascular, digestive, etc.