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19th Century American Culture

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. CULTURE
Culture (Latin: cultura, lit. "Cultivation") is a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator Cicero: "cultura animi" (cultivation of the soul). (Cicero, 45 BC) In 17th century modern Europe, “culture” term started to be used again in non-agricultural topics such as education of individuals. In 18th and 19th century, the term is used to refer universal human capacity, national ideals and aspirations.
Culture can provide us with many answers on how and why people behave differently around the globe. One explanation it surely provides is that people have very different views on "What is a good boss", or on “how teams should be led”. (Hofstede , The Hofstede Centre) …show more content…

In addition to that defining 'refinement of the mind” such as education, art and literature is also ascribed to 'culture'. This way of thinking of culture in the narrow sense is described as “culture one.” In a much broader use of the word “culture” attributes a different and important role to it: mental software.” This is accepted as “culture two” among social anthropologists.
Culture is a slogan for most of the social anthropology patterns such as thinking, feeling, and acting. Those activities refine the mind as software like mentioned in “culture two.” In addition to that mental coding, ordinary and common things in life such as greeting, eating, showing or not showing feelings, physical distance requirements, making love and many more refined in culture. Culture is the characteristics of a particular group of people and set of patterns of human activity within that group, defined by everything from language, customs, dress, architectural style, social standards, religious beliefs, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. The many groups of people that now make up the country influence …show more content…

Hofstede`s Onion Diagram Model of Culture shown below, helps us to understand the depth of culture in a person’s life. Let’s have a detailed look to the concepts listed in the diagram.
Figure 2.1 Onion Diagram Model of Culture
Source: Hofstede, Geert; Minkov, Michael, 2010 Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, and p.8
Symbols are Objects, words, pictures, gestures have a particular meaning and those who share the same culture only recognize those meanings. That is called symbols and in time those symbols can change, new ones can be developed forcing old ones to disappear.
Highly prized persons, dead or alive, imaginary or real that have characteristics for a culture are “Heroes.” They serve as models for behavior in society such as Snoopy in American, Asterix in French pop culture, or Nasreddin Hoca in Turkish folk culture. 5
Collective habits and activities within a culture are called “Rituals” and they are considered as socially essential. Religious ceremonies and prayers, greetings and goodbyes are some examples of those “rituals.” Kissing cheeks follows after a handshake In Turkey when two people who knows each other meets. That kind of meeting ritual can be perceived as “violation of personal space” in

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The roaring 20’s, the Jazz Age, the Great Depression, no matter what you call it, it’s hard to deny the 1920’s was an iconic era to note in the United States. Some may believe that it shaped the United States to what it is today. Although, the question has to be asked; what were the major cultural and societal changes in 1920s America and how did they pave the way for the Great Depression? Although the 1920’s did not have one specific reason for paving a way for the Great Depression, many changes stuck out such as the role change of women, evolution of transportation, and the information of sports media. To begin, women challenged traditional values by gaining the right to vote in the early twentieth century.

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colonies that allowed for the rapid growth and modernization that the economywould experience between 1680 and 1770 — expansion, extension, andspecialization. Merchants expanded in number faster than any other profession, andwere not limited to the emerging metropolises such as Philadelphia or New York. Merchants could be found even in the rural countryside — whether as permanent shopkeepers or making visits to sell their merchandise. Merchants also focused onspecialized industries, such as dry goods and cloth/sewing materials in order tomake a profit and gain a competitive edge. Another aspect that arose through theshift towards a modern economy was the inequality it created.

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In the 1920s, World War 1 ended and soldiers were coming back with many casualties. A dramatic change completely altered the cultural structure of America and a great economic growth happened because of consumer goods. People became increasingly urbanized. Throughout the 1920s, cultural factors like the Jazz Age, Flappers, and the Harlem Renaissance made Americans flourish and go through a time period of wealth and prosperity. These cultural changes and and a looser society in general was what really made the 20’s a ‘roaring’ time for Americans.

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After World War I, the U.S. experienced tremendous economic and cultural growth. New masses of technology were invented, and the entertainment business rapidly started gaining popularity. Spotlights shined upon geniuses who brought lavish amounts of culture and found ways make the country better. It is very evident that many factors contributed to changing ways of daily life. During the 1920s, American culture and society has greatly expanded into what is known as “The Roaring Twenties”.

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America in the 1920s In a decade where Americans prospered and they embraced new ways of thinking and behaving, is now considered one of the most significant eras in history. The 1920s are often referred to as “The Roaring Twenties” because of the vast cultural changes that the U.S. went through shortly after the end of World War I. The decade presented many new aspects to a regular American life with the automobile, movie, radio, and the many other industries that were thriving. These, along with many more industries, were guiding the nation to a new age, since possessions that the public would have only dreamed about at the time were being manufactured right before them.

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had some migrants choose to live in enclaves with their own culture as a way to keep away from discrimination, to preserve culture, and to some extent remain separate from other cultures. This can also be known as patchwork migration German Protestants that belonged to the Lutheran and Reformed churches begun to arrive in America during the colonial period. Many of the German settlers of the colonial period were, however, members of various nonconformist sects who in many cases fled Europe to escape persecution by the authorities and the established churches there, whether Protestant or Catholic. The migration of Protestant Germans started after October 1517. This was when a German priest and scholar Martin Luther nailed to the church door in Wittenberg, a city in eastern Germany, his list of ninety-five theses, or statements, questioning the practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

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If we could go back in time would you? What if we did not have to, we could change our lives and world around us to be however we want. Many people think that life in the eighteenth century was much harder than today; others, however, believe that the quick pace of work and home life, the lack of an appreciation of beauty, and a general laziness of the populace has made life in the 2000s much worse than in the 1880s. In the 1880s people spent more time at home with their families.

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"Don't judge a book by its cover. " Shakespeare's own words may be the best to describe him. He was a man of many talents. William Shakespeare was one of the most famous poets, playwrights, and actors. His life and career are still read about and studied to this day.

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Culture is the building block for life. It sets society's standards, it sets our own standards, and everything we know is all because of our culture. Culture is a way of thinking, a way of behaving and learning. We express our opinions based upon our beliefs, and define ourselves by what aspects of our culture we choose to show. Culture's impact on someone's perspective of others and the world is greater than its other influencers because it can change how you interact with people, your ability to change, and your opinions of the world.

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