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19th Century American Culture

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. CULTURE
Culture (Latin: cultura, lit. "Cultivation") is a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator Cicero: "cultura animi" (cultivation of the soul). (Cicero, 45 BC) In 17th century modern Europe, “culture” term started to be used again in non-agricultural topics such as education of individuals. In 18th and 19th century, the term is used to refer universal human capacity, national ideals and aspirations.
Culture can provide us with many answers on how and why people behave differently around the globe. One explanation it surely provides is that people have very different views on "What is a good boss", or on “how teams should be led”. (Hofstede , The Hofstede Centre) …show more content…

In addition to that defining 'refinement of the mind” such as education, art and literature is also ascribed to 'culture'. This way of thinking of culture in the narrow sense is described as “culture one.” In a much broader use of the word “culture” attributes a different and important role to it: mental software.” This is accepted as “culture two” among social anthropologists.
Culture is a slogan for most of the social anthropology patterns such as thinking, feeling, and acting. Those activities refine the mind as software like mentioned in “culture two.” In addition to that mental coding, ordinary and common things in life such as greeting, eating, showing or not showing feelings, physical distance requirements, making love and many more refined in culture. Culture is the characteristics of a particular group of people and set of patterns of human activity within that group, defined by everything from language, customs, dress, architectural style, social standards, religious beliefs, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. The many groups of people that now make up the country influence …show more content…

Hofstede`s Onion Diagram Model of Culture shown below, helps us to understand the depth of culture in a person’s life. Let’s have a detailed look to the concepts listed in the diagram.
Figure 2.1 Onion Diagram Model of Culture
Source: Hofstede, Geert; Minkov, Michael, 2010 Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, and p.8
Symbols are Objects, words, pictures, gestures have a particular meaning and those who share the same culture only recognize those meanings. That is called symbols and in time those symbols can change, new ones can be developed forcing old ones to disappear.
Highly prized persons, dead or alive, imaginary or real that have characteristics for a culture are “Heroes.” They serve as models for behavior in society such as Snoopy in American, Asterix in French pop culture, or Nasreddin Hoca in Turkish folk culture. 5
Collective habits and activities within a culture are called “Rituals” and they are considered as socially essential. Religious ceremonies and prayers, greetings and goodbyes are some examples of those “rituals.” Kissing cheeks follows after a handshake In Turkey when two people who knows each other meets. That kind of meeting ritual can be perceived as “violation of personal space” in

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