Self-Efficacy Theory

Self-Efficacy:

Self-efficacy, also referred as personal efficacy, is confidence in one 's own ability to achieve intended results. Psychologists have studied self-efficacy from many perspectives, noting various paths in the development of self-efficacy; the dynamics of self-efficacy, and lack thereof, in several different settings; interactions between self-efficacy and self-concept; and habits of attribution that contribute to, or detract from, self-efficacy.

Self-efficacy affects almost each and every area of human endeavour. By determining the beliefs a person holds regarding his or her power to affect situations, it strongly influences both the choices a person is most likely and to make and the power a person actually has to face challenges

Successes and failures are closely related to the ways in which people have learned to view themselves and their relationships with others. This theory describes self-concept as learned (i.e., not present at birth); organized (in the way it is applied to the self); and dynamic (i.e., ever-changing, and not fixed at a certain age). This theory is related to the study in a way that people with low self-concept tend to get influenced by other individuals and situations and further indulge in unhealthy

Their view of learning has it that drive reduction follows a response, later reinforces it and hence chances of its occurrences rises. According to Mowrer, anxiety is a particular form of fear. Fear is learned because it can become attached to previous neutral stimulifurther motivate and reinforce it. Many theorists suggests that smokers tend to indulge in the smoking behaviour when anxious which leads to increasing their anxiety rather than decreasing it.

Cognitive Theory:

In the 1950 's, a psychologist named Albert Ellis, and a psychiatrist named Aaron Beck, independently developed two very similar theories. Both of these theories resulted in effective forms of cognitive therapy. These therapies continue to be widely practiced today. While behavioral learning theory emphasizes the role of the environment, cognitive theory emphasizes the key role of the mind 's cognitions in determining behavior. These cognitions include a person 's thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and perceptions (views of others).

According to the cognitive theory of anxiety, our dysfunctional thoughts lead to extreme emotionsin an individual. These extreme emotions in turn, lead to initiation of maladaptive