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Bell Adjustment Analysis

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In general, personality can be defined as the enduring, inner characteristics of individuals that contribute to consistency in people’s behaviors. Personalities are within individuals, which can help them to distinguish themselves from other individuals and make them unique as to attributes of functioning that are common to all humans, such as extravert, shy, aggressive, lazy and etc. (Robbins and Judge, 2007) On the other hand, sojourner adjustment is interpreted in terms of the removal of positive reinforcements and the presentation of aversive stimuli. Being placed in a new culture results in new reinforcers, new discriminative and aversive stimuli, and changes in response- reinforcement contingencies. Transfer of home culture learning, …show more content…

This adjustment is of two types’ viz. adjustment to external conditions and adjustment becomes necessary, as a person grows older. Adjustment is a very significant factor in determining the degree of achievement of students. Bell (1934) developed the” Bell Adjustment Inventory” which composes four (4) fields of adjustment namely, home, health, social and emotional factors. The said inventory is intended for high school and college students and became a great tool in determining the adjustment level of an …show more content…

Researchers argue about the type of personality and what trait is important in sojourner adjustment. According to previous research by Pierce, Sarason and Sarason (1996) that the role of personality characteristics, personal relationships and situational parameters are combined to produce a robust coping style. Ward, Leong & Low (2004) discussed that the cross-cultural literature contains much evidence and armchair theories about adaptive personality qualities and the acculturative experience. Authoritarianism, rigidity, and ethnocentrism, have been assumed to impede psychological adjustment during cross-cultural transition (Locke & Feinsod, 1982), whereas extraversion and sensitivity, the embodiments of the “universal communicator,” are thought to facilitate adaptation (Gardner, 1962). Despite extensive theorizing, however, empirical evidence has been mixed. There has been little convergence in research that has examined the predictive influence of personality on sojourner adjustment (Church, 1982; Ward, 1996), and in those rare instances where a degree of consistency has been observed, it has been limited to relatively few trait domains. Some of the inconsistencies found in personality research can be observed in studies of extraversion. Researchers have reported positive, negative, and no significant relationships between extraversion and sojourner adjustment (Armes &

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Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Personality and Culture

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Emily Hervey, a licensed Clinical Psychologist , in her article "Cultural Transitions During Childhood and Adjustment to College” (2009), argues that a missionary kids past experiences with transitions will affect how they perceive current ones. She supports this claim by first demonstrating that missionary kids adapt to their foreign culture even though it is not their parent’s culture (p. 1-3), then she showed how this can lead to bad experiences when transitioning (p. 1-3), and finally she used statistics to prove that missionary kids who had bad experiences transitioning were more likely to have bad experiences transitioning into college (p. 7). Hervey’s purpose is to convince the reader that bad experiences early on in a missionary kid’s

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A LONG WALK TO WATER Individuals adapt in challenging environments by taking small steps to accomplish big tasks, learning new skills by themselves or by others , and appreciating good positive things in harsh situations. The author demonstrates this when they he/she shows the characters emotions and action that revolve around the idea of adaptation. Many people such as Salva and Nya accomplished many things by using resources around their current situation. The novel “A Long Walk to Water” and article “Time Trip: Sudan’s Civil War” shows how when people are put in harsh circumstances any available resources are frugally used.

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Even though growing up with two different cultures have its benefits, the challenges outweigh them and can potentially bring negative impacts on someone’s quality of life. Firstly, it can be difficult to adjust the changing society norms. The convention and expectations every culture has, which may be dissimilar from one’s own. To

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I do think that how civilians are viewed and treated in war can be indicative of whether one side or both are pursuing total war. However, Bell’s argument is fairly weak on this point, which is an issue as he spends so much time defending it. As he notes, during the ancien régime generals wanted to avoid battles and fight them with well-trained forces. If well trained forces existed, and they obviously did, it stands to reason there was already some civilian/military divide in European society. While I can’t speak for Bell, he seems to be trying to make the argument that a clear distinction first needed to be made in society and it needed to hold some relevance.

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Therefore, there is an apparent dynamic system of constraints and barriers and an immigrant or refugee’s level of assimilation or acculturation in which suggests that as one becomes more familiar and integrated into their new environment, the constraints and barriers they face will not be as significant (Stodolska, 1998).

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The significance of this paper to the report is that is has used both the Big 5 Personality Measure and the Oxford Happiness Inventory, there has not been much research that uses both these measures to look at the association of extraversion and happiness, and most use students or small samples. Further research is needed with a larger and more diverse sample of participants in order for these results to be backed, this is what the following study aims to do. Overall this essay aims to explore the relationship between extraversion and happiness. The hypothesis of this study is: ‘Those who are more extroverted are more likely to be happy’.

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However, his theory and most of the previous research focus on mainly immigrants’ acculturation. Considering that there are also other groups such as sojourners and expatriates, Berry’s theory and other acculturation theories may not totally apply to the groups apart from immigrants. (Lian & Tsang , 2010). Furthermore, acculturation is usually referred as an adjustment and adaptation process of cultural change as the final outcome (Adler and Gielen (2003). For this reason, the extensive body of research in the expatriation literature has focused on cross-cultural adjustment process of individuals and minority groups in response to their contact with the dominant majority and it constitutes the central conceptual framework of this

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The counter-argument to this is that individuals will adapt their behaviour to fit the situation, and generally demonstrate some pare of their personality in a given situation (Coaley, 2014). However, personality is a broad and rather ambiguous concept, meaning that is it difficult to define succinctly; and yet how we define it plays a crucial part in how we investigate it. Eysenck’s theory of personality concluded that there were 3 dimensions: extraverted-introverted, neuroticism-stability, psychoticism-socialisation (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1964). With the broadening field of psychometrics, the Eysencks were the first to make their approach more quantifiable and legitimate than others had been in the past. Eysenck published the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) in 1964 – a uni-dimensional self-report questionnaire consisting of 57 items.

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But according to Margalit (2003), Prior (1996) and Raskind et al (19999), the coping patterns have more influence on outcomes in adult life rather than the learning disabilities themselves. The researchers want to investigate the coping style and strategies of students age 14 to 16 as coping patterns are established at a young age (Prior, Sanson, Smart, & Oberklaid, 2001; Raskind et al., 1999; Seiffge-Krenke, 2000) and to create adaptive coping program that suitable and benefit to students who have learning disabilities because adaptive coping (proactive coping) is related to positive outcomes in adult

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After the migration, each individual of overseas students are maintaining one’s cultural identity. However adaptation to a new environment is necessary regardless of how long the duration of their migration. Meanwhile during the process many of them are challenged on so many different levels. Due to the different culture from one’s country, each individual encountered different challenges of unfamiliar situations. All of these processes influenced individuals’ cognitive process, behavior and influenced perception of how they interpret the world.

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Personality is one of the main areas of psychology research. Over the years, researchers developed theories trying to explain how people are different and similar. Personality traits were grouped together to be determinants of more general traits such as Extraversion, Agreeableness or Neuroticism. The traits were tested for various correlations. All this to better understand why people behave the way they do and how big impact does the personality have on behaviour.

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The behaviors taught and/or picked up from customs and the environment, as well as actions,

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Personality is defined as the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual 's unique character. Personality theory is the approaches to understanding the “What”, “How” and “When” of characteristics and features that make up an individual 's personality. An insight into personality is important to understand the function of a person’s mind. By doing this you would be able to understand and observe your own psyche from an outside perspective, interact with others better and understand why they do what they do or predict how someone may react to something. My personality can be describe as Introverted since I am reserved, practical and quiet.

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The Important people in your life can have a massive effect on your life and how you will live it. When I think of an important person in my life, my mind always wanders to my grandmother. She helps me and my family members whenever we need her. It could be a small favor like an extra couple dollars for lunch to a larger favor as in living with her for a couple years. My grandmother would also be my hero.

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