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Bell Adjustment Analysis

1753 Words8 Pages

In general, personality can be defined as the enduring, inner characteristics of individuals that contribute to consistency in people’s behaviors. Personalities are within individuals, which can help them to distinguish themselves from other individuals and make them unique as to attributes of functioning that are common to all humans, such as extravert, shy, aggressive, lazy and etc. (Robbins and Judge, 2007) On the other hand, sojourner adjustment is interpreted in terms of the removal of positive reinforcements and the presentation of aversive stimuli. Being placed in a new culture results in new reinforcers, new discriminative and aversive stimuli, and changes in response- reinforcement contingencies. Transfer of home culture learning, …show more content…

This adjustment is of two types’ viz. adjustment to external conditions and adjustment becomes necessary, as a person grows older. Adjustment is a very significant factor in determining the degree of achievement of students. Bell (1934) developed the” Bell Adjustment Inventory” which composes four (4) fields of adjustment namely, home, health, social and emotional factors. The said inventory is intended for high school and college students and became a great tool in determining the adjustment level of an …show more content…

Researchers argue about the type of personality and what trait is important in sojourner adjustment. According to previous research by Pierce, Sarason and Sarason (1996) that the role of personality characteristics, personal relationships and situational parameters are combined to produce a robust coping style. Ward, Leong & Low (2004) discussed that the cross-cultural literature contains much evidence and armchair theories about adaptive personality qualities and the acculturative experience. Authoritarianism, rigidity, and ethnocentrism, have been assumed to impede psychological adjustment during cross-cultural transition (Locke & Feinsod, 1982), whereas extraversion and sensitivity, the embodiments of the “universal communicator,” are thought to facilitate adaptation (Gardner, 1962). Despite extensive theorizing, however, empirical evidence has been mixed. There has been little convergence in research that has examined the predictive influence of personality on sojourner adjustment (Church, 1982; Ward, 1996), and in those rare instances where a degree of consistency has been observed, it has been limited to relatively few trait domains. Some of the inconsistencies found in personality research can be observed in studies of extraversion. Researchers have reported positive, negative, and no significant relationships between extraversion and sojourner adjustment (Armes &

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