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Analyzing Erikson's Epigenetic Stages Of Development Theory

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A child’s response to death will depend on the circumstances of their loss and the relationship with the deceased (Johnston, J. 1999). Children suffer pain and loss as intensely as adults and also experience shock and denial (Tatelbaum, J. 1997). Bereaved children struggle to maintain their state of balance by using the resources available to their stage of Development (Buirski, C.P. 1994). Erik Erikson's (1980) Epigenetic Stages of Development theory helps examine early childhood bereavement with the emphasis on their development context.
The first of Erikson's stages, 1 year-18 months, Trust vs Mistrust, the challenge is to develop a sense that the world is safe a “good place” (Erikson, 1980). Children at this age do not have an understanding …show more content…

Freud describes the idea that the root to mourning and melancholia in the sense of loss of another person but is related to our relationship with ourselves-our narcissism (Green, V. 2013). “According to Freud, grief's function is to detach thoughts and feelings from the dead so that the bereaved can reinvest their energy in new relationships and thus move on with their life” (Kouriatis, K., & Brown, D., 2011, p. 208).
Bowlby, (1961) as cited by Kouriatis & Brown, (2011) applied attachment theory to grief and loss and described four phrases of children's grief that are similar to adult mourning: Emotional numbing and disbelief; yearning and searching; disorganization and despair; and finally reorganization of the representation of the deceased. Elizabeth kubler-Ross and William, J. Warden' models of grief will be discussed …show more content…

Signs of regression may appear and the child may revert to earlier problem behaviour such as bed-wetting, tantrums or lose their appetite. The child may reject old friends, they may not be able to concentrate in school (Goldman, 2004). Tatelbaum (1997) notes any sudden personality change may indicate that a child is struggling with grieving. This can lead to depression with symptoms such as withdrawal, nightmares, listlessness headaches and finally stomach aches. In addition to these signs, it is important to understand the concept that underlie

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They say that grief comes in five distinct stages; denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. In contrast, it’s often said that everyone handles grief differently. How can these two concepts of loss not only coexist, but be widely accepted? Maybe it’s time we shift our focus to the latter.

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Research Summary: The Role of Parents in Hamlet Hayslip, Bert, Jr., Jessica H. Pruett, and Daniela M. Caballero. “The ‘how’ and ‘when’ of parental loss in adulthood: effects on grief and adjustment.” OMEGA – The Journal Of Death and Dying 71.1 (2015): 3+. Health Reference Center Academic. Web.

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Adoptalk further identifies that it is hard to resolve grief when one does not know if the loss is temporary or permanent. Society recognizes death through funeral ceremonies, but there is no somber equivalent to observe losses caused by separation for the birth

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This related case A omitted having symptoms of grief such as sorrow, anger, and sadness. Related case B A woman who lost her son several years ago still experience depression and isolation. This related case B is an exemplar case of bereavement and did not contain the timing before happening the

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When death occurs, family members and friends mourn their passing, but they also come together to celebrate the deceased’s life. Each one of the connections wants to remember how fulfilling their friend’s or family’s life was. However, from a very early age, children are often spared and sheltered from the experience and only learn about death through “stories others [have] told [them] or depictions of deaths on television” (Warraich). These depictions associate death with only sadness and grief and are often overly dramatised and overly emotional. People learn how they should mourn from the examples they see on television.

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Failure to develop trust will result in fear and belief that the world is unpredictable and inconsistent. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood): Following infants’ understanding of a predictable environment, toddlers are starting to realize if they can depend on others. At this stage, toddlers are a step towards developing as an individual, in other

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Human beings experience many things within their lifetime. Many of those experiences involves the creation of emotional relationships through interactions of other people. these emotions we feel are what makes us human. when we start to build these relationships an attachment grows, through these relations it often molds human beings to learn how to interact and care for one another. So when a death happens to a close relation, the process of mourning submits a transformation to a person.

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Oscillation can be achieved through a process of expressing grief by means of revisiting and retelling of the the story of the loss, holding conversations with the image of the loved one and to providing opportunity to structure future goals and restore contact with a new world (Neimeyer & Currier, 2009, pg. 355). It has been shown to produce substantial change (Shear, Frank, Houch, & Reynolds, 2005 as cited in Neimeyer & Currier, 2009). Some benefits to denial are acknowledged, provided it is not in the extreme or long term. In support of oscillation, evidence shows that

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The purpose of this paper is to explain on the subject of the grieving process of nurses when they experience loss and suffering that they share with patients and their families. This grieving concept can help further development of nursing research and education, and beneficially help future nursing practice and

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Mishne’s publication references Freud’s theory of the splitting of the ego. This theory helps explain why emotions for children with deceased parents can fluctuate. This is due to the fact that as a child you do not know what to think. They are unsure if the parent is coming back, they dream about their parent’s return, and they cannot fully grasp why it is their parent that is gone. This leads to “a dual and contradictory attitude toward a major reality of their life.”

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Erikson, a developmental psychologist, had established stages that explained psychosocial behaviors respective to age groups. In considering the significance of each stage to Erikson’s theory, trust vs. mistrust plays a key role in Muhammad’s development. Trust vs mistrust is centered around infants to eighteen-month old toddlers gaining trust by the care of the caretaker. This trust relies heavily on the caretaker providing basic needs for their survival. His theory explains that if these basic needs are not met, the infant will not develop trust and present anxious behavior.

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Parkes (1996) has written that there is an optimal level of grieving for each individual and that it is important for those feelings to be allowed expression. The counsellor who used a psychodynamic approach mostly would perhaps be more swift to explore how earlier experiences of loss and hopelessness were affecting the current experience of loss and hopelessness. Hope inspiration seemed to be achieved more as a result of the presence of firm qualities in the counsellor and the application of such qualities, rather than as a result of refined techniques. Bereavement counselling for individuals experiencing a complicated grief reaction appears to require a particular interpersonal environment or atmosphere. Rogers (1952) is most noted for suggesting the necessary and sufficient conditions that make up such an interpersonal counselling environment.

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Thus, by considering not only facts but also a canvas of traditions, a psychologist acquires an opportunity to guide a person with depression or oppression. He gains an opportunity to provide another perspective for his patient which would become a way to unburden him or her. Nonetheless, to master the spiritual approach to grief psychotherapy, a psychologist has to discover the various kinds of mourning the loss. Considering that some cultures differ dramatically from the common American idea of the funeral, a psychotherapist has to maneuver by defining main spiritual rules of death in the culture to which the client belongs (Papalia and Olds, 2012, p.618).

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According to Dora Carpenter, “The loss of a loved one can leave you broken and heartless”( np). “The loss of a loved one can also help people to find and awaken their inner selves” (Carpenter np). In the book How we Grieve Relearning the World Thomas Attig gives multiple first hand account of what people have

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To be able to know how to deal with the losses that are discussed in the following chapters, it is important to have a clearer understanding of loss and grief and how to cope with grief following

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