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Annotated Bibliography For Racial Housing Discrimination

842 Words4 Pages

Racial Housing Discrimination:
Annotated Bibliography

Collins Kweku Ayebson
School of Communication, The Ohio State University
COMM 2367: Persuasive Communication
Professor Bridget Potocki
January 23, 2023 Racial Housing Discrimination: Annotated Bibliography
Racial housing discrimination is a longstanding issue in the United States that has had a profound impact on the lives of people of color. Despite various laws that prohibit discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing, people of color continue to face discrimination in the housing market. This form of discrimination can take many forms, including steering, redlining, and discriminatory lending practices. Despite the Fair Housing Act of 1968, racial housing discrimination …show more content…

This article provides valid disparity to a number of factors, such as the lack of affordable housing in many urban areas, which makes it difficult for Black Americans to become homeowners, as they are more likely to be renters and to spend a larger portion of their income on housing. It also highlights how zoning laws and land-use regulations have historically been used to exclude Black Americans from certain neighborhoods, further exacerbating the homeownership gap. This article is credible because the publication is known worldwide and has various tools for conducting research and writing. Moreover, this author has published numerous credible articles for well-known magazines and newspapers across the …show more content…

They have several policy priorities that they focus on to achieve this goal. One of their main priorities is to increase funding for affordable housing programs. This includes programs such as the National Housing Trust Fund, which provides funding for the construction, preservation, and rehabilitation of affordable rental homes for low-income households, and the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), which helps low-income households with their energy bills. Another important priority for the NLIHC is to strengthen fair housing laws. This includes enforcing existing laws such as the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discrimination in housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, and disability. The organization also supports efforts to expand the protections provided by fair housing laws to include additional categories such as sexual orientation, gender identity, and source of income. This organization is credible because of the number of cases they have handled for people who were discriminated

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976 Words | 4 Pages

Nichols enhanced and streamlined the use of restrictive covenants. Using the fears of property values decreasing, Nichols added a racial restriction into the deeds. In all of the deeds for the land he developed was this restriction, “None of said lots may be conveyed to, used, owned or occupied by negroes as owners or tenants. ”1 While this might seem like an isolated instance, restrictive covenants occurred all over the United States in the early 20th century. J.C. Nichols employed an addition that would enhance the covenant and make it more appealing to the “desired” homeowner; that addition was a self-renewing contract every 25 years.2

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785 Words | 4 Pages

The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) introduced long-term mortgage and guaranteed to lenders with low interest rate and extended payment period. The number of Americans who could purchase homes increased and Jackson pointed out how the American way of life transformed, which is to buy a home than to rent. It is said that “today, renters account for one-third of all households, suburbs house far more people than cities, and affordability has supplanted physical deficiency as the primary housing problem (Schwartz 2015, 17).” However, the HOLC and FHA excluded the black population such that the HOLC appraisal and rating system assessed neighborhoods with black inhabitants to be hazardous and the FHA concerned about white-black separation in terms of the investment values (201, 208). FHA helped the building industry to turn against the minority and inner-city housing market and its policies supported the income and racial segregation of suburbia (213).

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317 Words | 2 Pages

we still have today and which someone knowledgeable on the situation would call “ghettoization” (Jackson). Massey and Denton’s book, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, hits strong on this topic of “residential segregation”. Massey and Denton, both went hand and hand with what Jackson was saying. This is a well organized, well-written and greatly researched book.

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1580 Words | 7 Pages

The idea of equality for all people, regardless of their race, is instilled in the American society of today. Unfortunately, this idea has not always been present, which ultimately has caused many issues for America’s society in the past. As discussed in the book Our Town: Race, Housing, and the Soul of Suburbia, David L. Kirp focuses on the inequality that was found between the low-income blacks and the middle class whites in a South Jersey town, Mount Laurel. At the time, the whites had a goal of running the blacks out of the town by making the costs of housing expensive enough where blacks could not afford it. This lead to unequal treatment for the blacks who lived in Mount Laurel compared to the whites when it came to housing opportunities.

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554 Words | 3 Pages

According to The Editorial Board New York Time’s, “The Housing Crisis Lives on for Minorities” December 26,2016, mortgage companies such as Fannie Mae are discriminating and being racist towards African-American and Latino homes. The writer emphasizes the neglection Fannie Mae had towards these minority homeowners and specifies the contrast between white areas and black areas. The mortgage crisis that ravaged the economy eight years ago, is a driving factor of the editorial. The writer is informing New York Times readers, educated citizens, and intellectuals about the racial allegations towards Fannie Mae. The Editorial Board affectively convinces their audience that there is an unjust gap between white and minority homes through the use of

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714 Words | 3 Pages

The initiative challenges the idea of American exceptionalism by critically reviewing the economic, political, and cultural mechanisms that have sustained racial disparity. It reveals the ongoing consequences of colonialism and racial oppression, such as discriminatory policies, wealth inequality, and systematic racism, by emphasizing the experiences and viewpoints of oppressed communities. The 1619 Project seeks to challenge the prevalent historical narrative and open a discussion about colonialism's continued effects on modern-day America. According to one of the project's articles by Matthew Desmond, continuing residential segregation and unequal access to opportunities are the effect of racial discrimination in housing regulations, showing how colonialism and racial injustice still have an impact. The 1619 Project also questions the idea of American development as a linear path, focusing instead on the cycle of history and the deep foundations of inequity.

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2239 Words | 9 Pages

The first stakeholder in this debate is the National Low Income Housing Coalition, also known as the NLIHC. The NLIHC believes the Fair Housing Act, or the FHA, needs to do more to protect the housing rights of everyone in America. The National Low-Income Housing Coalition discusses its timeline and creation in an article titled History. In that article, they state that Cushing N. Dolbeare created the Ad Hoc Low Income Housing Coalition in 1974, now known as the National Low Income Housing Coalition, in response to the Nixon administration's approach to housing (“History”). The NLIHC was created to advocate for affordable housing in times of unfair ruling.

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1434 Words | 6 Pages

The relationship between society and the law is direct, and housing in America is a conclusive example of that. As argued by both authors, once society has made up its mind about a certain group of people or place such as the ghettos, even the law can’t change those facts. It often happens that people of color and minorities get overlooked and stereotyped into something that they are not due to the hierarchical and discriminatory principles of the law. It has been engrained into society to think that minorities are poor, lazy, and overall less productive in the public

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425 Words | 2 Pages

In Santa Clara County, African American households have a much lower homeownership rate than white households (31% versus 58%). In San Mateo County, the gap is even wider, with African American households having a homeownership rate of just 25%, compared to 65% for white households. This disparity in homeownership can impact intergenerational wealth building and access to stable housing. Displacement: Both counties are also experiencing significant displacement and gentrification, which can impact African American and white residents differently.

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1921 Words | 8 Pages

With many unable to purchase homes, the 1933 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation purchased mortgages and issued new ones with extended repayment periods. To assess the risks of buying such mortgages, the HOLC would not only look at the wealth of the neighborhood but also made decisions of aid based on racial biases; Black Americans were seen to be high risk. Additionally, President Roosevelt’s 1934 Federal Housing Administration issued a requirement that only encouraged banks to make loans to suburbs due to the “risks” associated with “adverse influences,… including prevention of the infiltration of… lower class occupancy, and inharmonious racial groups (65).” Though the specific language of the requirement changed to “compatibility among the neighborhood occupants” in 1952, the racist nature of the policy stood with a white man being blacklisted from FHA insurance just six years later for renting his mortgaged home to a Black man. In the building of suburban districts during and after World War II, the FHA would refuse to subsidize developments that were racially integrated or had African Americans in nearby neighborhoods that threatened the uniform racial composition.

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446 Words | 2 Pages

After recent protests in Baltimore, Badger (2016) explores the nature of policies set in the early 1900’s that have shaped the city of Baltimore, and that continue to have an effect on their quality of life. Actions such as redlining and urban renewal have perpetuated poverty and segregation in the same neighborhoods today as 75 year ago. This article calls attention to the effect of system-wide race discrimination in Baltimore, and how policies create a cyclical link between race and disadvantage in communities. Racial disparities across many subsystems have created a system of race discrimination in which it’s emergent effects implant uber discrimination into our culture and institutions (Reskin, 2012). Reskin (2012) explains how emergent discrimination intensifies disparities within each subsystem and creates systems of race discrimination.

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1721 Words | 7 Pages

Based on this we can conclude that the mere image of being black is shattered and anywhere you go you will be judged as lower class. The fear created by the media make it seem like if you were to rent your home to a black descent, they’ll destroy your home or yet create a hostile environment and make it uncomfortable to other people. Another fear that sticks around with Africans Americans is that they “promote the gang lifestyle or are anti law enforcement” (Glassner 122). Though the realtor shuns African Americans from renting the homes they would not even rent/sale the home to a black family, even if they were well qualified, with higher incomes, and was willing to pay a higher down payment. From the book The Black Image in the White Mind by Andrew Rojecki and Robert Entman, they present us with white beliefs stating “the media conveys “problematic” images of African Americans even after decades of heightened awareness and vigilance to rid the media of stereotypes”.

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164 Words | 1 Pages

In the essay, ‘Discrimination in Toronto’s Urban Housing’ I will be focusing on certain stereotypes that shape the modern day residential market of Toronto and what it provides to the buyer. First-hand account

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1604 Words | 7 Pages

The racist legislation that followed after the destruction of Black Wall Street haunted generations of African Americans then and now. It is this legislation, rooted in both fear (from feeling threatened), jealousy, animosity, and racism that has perpetuated the racial wealth gap. These legislations and the threat of violence have led to a decrease in homeownership for African Americans; 49% of African Americans owned homes in contrast to 76% of whites between 1994 and 2017 (Asante-Muhammad, et. al., 2017). Although the black middle class increased greatly during the 1950s and throughout the 1980s—with 4 million African Americans belonging to the middle class between 1960 and 1965—it began to decelerate (Gregg, 1998).

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1517 Words | 7 Pages

The government had to subsidize housing projects using taxpayer’s money. Thus, maintaining status quo is inefficient and against the Constitutional right of all Americans to have better housing facilities. 2. Intensify enforcement of the housing

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