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Apache Indians In 1860

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In 1860 approximately four thousand Western Apache Indians occupied an enormous portion of the present state of Arizona. Ranging from the Sonoran desert environs to the ponderosa pine forests, the Apache subsisted on wild plant foods which they collected; corn, beans, and squash which they grew; animals which they hunted; and livestock which they stole in raids south of the border. Within forty years, however, the Apache way of life was inexorably altered as a result of contact with the White man. Following a series of bloody skirmishes with federal troops as well as savage massacres, the Apaches were confined to reservations for their own protection. Soon new words entered the Apache vocabulary—words like smallpox, scarlet fever, …show more content…

For the most part the early missionaries labored diligently among the Apache. However, for nearly two decades the unforeseen variables of loneliness, illness, culture shock, the complexities of the Apache language, fear, and even infidelity took their toll on some of the pastors, and the rate of clergy turnover was high. This situation was to change with the arrival of the Guenthers in 1910 and the Up leggers in 1918 who made the conversion of the Apache a lifelong commitment. Today approximately 3,000 of the 16,000 Apaches located on the White Mountain and San Carlos Apache Indian Reservations are Lutherans. The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod maintains ten congregations and six pastors, four parochial schools with 22 teachers, and an orphanage. This paper is neither a history of the Western Apache nor a chronicle of Lutheran mission work among these people. Instead, it is an examination of cross-cultural understanding and misunderstanding. The anthropological theories, missionary observations, and critical analyses are intended to make a contribution to mission methodology and provide direction for mission policy makers. The paper itself is divided into three parts Contrasting Cultures,Contrasting Languages, and Mission

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Choctaws are very interesting individuals that have great cultural influence in the southern United States. The earliest mention of the Choctaws was from the Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto, around 1540 (“Choctaw Tribe”). Their unique customs have formed the history of Oklahoma and Mississippi. They continue sharing the tribal stories and spreading the legacy of the tribe. They are a member of the Five Civilized Tribes, in which they were the first to be removed from their homelands.

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A perfect example of these Apaches was the Mescalero Apaches which helped the American military achieve its goals during the war. The devotion and commitment that the Native Americans showcases paints the image of a community that overlooked past resentments and disappointments. They would have opted to count themselves as a minority group but instead approached the battleground in full force. It is this evident that the Native Americans understood the benefits of defending one’s own land in times of crisis. When the Pearl Harbor was attacked, a population of 5,000 Native Americans was active in the battleground.

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The Lakota Indians The Lakota is a tribe located in the northern plains of America. They are related to the Sioux by culture, Language, and history. The Dakota are also a related tribe to the Lakota. They are known as Teton or also western Sioux. In the 1640’s the Lakota stayed closer to the Sioux.

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Within these new missions, the Spanish converted the natives to Christianity. At first, many of the missions settled were successful and strong. However, due to the lack of resources and Indians invasions, many missions failed. Over several years, the Spanish were able to control

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His village fell victim to a massacre in 1851. This is two of the many reasons why Geronimo came into leadership. Through the countless raids and wars the Apaches fought, it unfortunately led him to be a prisoner of war for the rest of his 23 years. Geronimo only ended up surrendering to the United Sates General and soldiers in 1886 because his followers and himself were too outnumbered. Normally this would not have even fazed Geronimo or gave him the second thought of surrendering but his followers and fellow Apaches were way too exhausted from the constant sequence of events that happened prior to the surrendering to be bale to keep fighting for their land and their human rights.

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In the late 1830’s, where the United States was growing rapidly, whites faced an obstacle while trying to settle in the South. This area of land was home of the Cherokee and other Indian tribes. The Cherokee Indians signed treaties hoping that white settlers would not come for their land. Prompted by the state of Georgia along with the president, Andrew Jackson, whom did not like Indians, expelled the Cherokee Indians from their homeland. Cherokee’s pleas to Georgia and the Supreme Court did little to stop their removal.

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In the late 1500s the Native Americans of the Great Plains got an amazing new tool that would change their place in the world for 200 years. That tool would bring them great wealth and many luxuries, but at the cost of great pain and suffering. That tool they called it the great mysterious dog, we call it the horse . The Native Americans would use this tool to explore ways to transport goods and people. As well as create an opportunity to encounter and exchange with the Spanish and French through trade.

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The Cherokee were a tribe of Indians who were affected by the Indian removal acts of the early 1800’s. The Cherokee showed multiple signs of being “civilized” towards the Americans. For example, the Cherokee expressed claimed the “Federal government they were obligated to honor the treaties guaranteeing the sovereignty to the Cherokee”(6). This is important because it demonstrates the fact the Cherokee can claim their sovereignty over a section of land. The sovereign rights of the Cherokee could also suggest that they are ready to participate in a civilized life showing their assimilation to the Americans.

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Part of the appeal of Evangelical Christianity was the degree of personalization the Native Americans were allowed, in contrast to the strictly controlled dogma of other Christian sects. While before conversion had seemed “cultural

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The Hoh Native American tribe has lived amongst the Nature Bridge camp for many centuries and has many interesting topics to study such as the reservation, people, food, clothing, recreation, religion, myths and legends, the age of the tribe, and the important events on the history of the tribe. Because of these, the tribe is rich in history and culture, making it a great essay topic to study for my Nature Bridge trip of 2017. The Hoh generally live in the northwestern part of Washington, and they have an entire reservation where a majority of their population lives. This reservation is on the Pacific coast, on the mouth of the Hoh River.

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Rachael Goodson Professor Kathrine Chiles ENG & AFST 331 15 February 2018 William Apess In the nineteenth century, America was at one of its peaks of racial debate, with people starting to question whether it was right for the African Americans to stay enslaved, or if it was time to start the process of freeing the slaves and allowing them to live a better life. However, most people did not even question how the Native Americans were being treated or forced to change almost every aspect of their lives to “please,” as if they could ever be, the white people. William Apess’ The Experience of Five Christian Indians is an example of some of the harsh ways that Indians were treated before and even after they were “forcibly” converted to Christianity.

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Throughout the 19th century Native Americans were treated far less than respectful by the United States’ government. This was the time when the United States wanted to expand and grow rapidly as a land, and to achieve this goal, the Native Americans were “pushed” westward. It was a memorable and tricky time in the Natives’ history, and the US government made many treatments with the Native Americans, making big changes on the Indian nation. Native Americans wanted to live peacefully with the white men, but the result of treatments and agreements was not quite peaceful. This precedent of mistreatment of minorities began with Andrew Jackson’s indian removal policies to the tribes of Oklahoma (specifically the Cherokee indians) in 1829 because of the lack of respect given to the indians during the removal laws.

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The Apache Indians originally came from the Alaskan region, and part of the American Southwest. Over time the tribes travelled to the United States and currently reside in Oklahoma and Texas and on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. The Apaches were known as Nomads because they travelled around, and never settled on reservations for a long period of time. Since the nomads never settled anywhere for long, they were not accustomed to the different types of agriculture on the land which caused other tribes to overtake the land and cause the nomads to travel elsewhere.

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