Conclusion Moral objectivism is the idea that moral standards are capable of being applied universally around the world. There are many challenges to this theory stripping it of its validity. However, Shafer-Landau and other philosophers provide evidence to some exceptions still allowing moral objectivity to stand and be valid.
Developing from the reasoning of (Russ Shafer-Landau, p.p 13), it is clear that there is a difference between normative ethics and metaethics. Normative ethics are those values that develop from within a personality and are always employed whenever ethics are breached. On the other hand the metaethics is basically the diverse elements that are considered crucial for building positive ethical believes. (Shafer-Landau, p.p 29), also brings forward other moral ethical elements such as the moral error theory, the desire-satisfaction theory, ethical particularism and the doctrine of double effects. All the above elements are crucial for shaping ones ethical perspectives and inclinations leave alone resolving ethical issues within a society.
Morality is a set of values held by a person in making when judging and evaluating what is deemed right or wrong, good or bad (Brandt, 1959). When we talk about morality in counseling it’s about the reasoning by the counselor that has four levels. They are, personal intuition, ethical guidelines established by professional organizations, ethical principles and general theories of moral action (Kitchener, 1984). Ethics is described as adopted principles that has relations to man’s behavior and moral decision making (Van Hoose & Kottler, 1985). Ethics is often thought as a synonym to morality.
So far, we have discussed multiple different metaethical theories. Such as, Rachels Minimum Conception, Cultural Relativism, Simple Subjectivism, Emotivism, or the Author Interpretation of Divine Command Theory. The theory of Emotivism is particularly fascinating because with such simple words a large amount of emotion is conveyed. We know that “boo, sucks and bad” all have a negative connotation while words like “yay, awesome, and good” all have a positive connotation. Emotivism uses simple moral language to express the positives and negatives, while other theories become more complex.
ETHICS SYSTEMS REFLECTION PAPER ANDREA STENNETT-DUGGIN LIBERTY UNIVERSITY MAY 22, 2018 Six Major Ethics Systems Ethics are a set of values or principles that outline a guiding philosophy for a group or individual (“Ethic”, 2018). There are many different systems for ethical belief systems, this discussion will deal with the six primary systems of antinomianism, situationism, generalism, and unqualified, conflicting, and graded absolutism. Each system has an independent belief system on the guiding principles of what is right and wrong with the common elements of subjects and predicates (Duska, Duska, & Ragatz, 2011, p. 35). Antinomianism Antinomianism is based of the Greek words for “against” and “law”, which is a Christian based value system that is centered around the rejection of the Mosaic Law
The concept of ethics entails systemizing, justifying, and recommending right and wrong conduct. It involves in practical reasoning: good, right, duty, obligation, virtue, freedom, rationality, and choice. Humanity has questioned this concept of ethics and ‘good’ for as long as it has survived, as it deals with real-life issues such as “what is morally right and wrong?” and “how do people ought to act?”
In the journal Kant's Commitment to Metaphysics of Morals Theunissen analyzes the work of Kant explaining how Metaphysics of Morals is an important part of human’s own minds pertaining to their own morals and gives insights of other Kantians views of Kant’s moral theory. He also gives his own critique and the input of other Kantian writers claims and views compared to Kant’s own. Theunissen interpreted Kant’s view of Metaphysics of Morals as a term regarding one of the many parts of philosophy. This part is made up of two sides, one being purity of an individual’s beliefs and morals while the other being purity of reason through their own artificial truth. He (Kant) believes that reason is made from prior knowledge and experiences from different categories that give a kind of structure to kinds of actions or anything an individual may encounter in their own lives.
3. What does Philosophy say about morality? 4. Are they alike? Introduction Morality has long been used by human being as a basis for their actions.
Ethical relativism denies there is a specific moral standard that continuously applies to all individuals irrespective of their environment or circumstances. Instead, it emphasizes there are countless moral decrees and ethics that differ through the dimensions of time, place and cultures. To summarize, all moral values are only opinions, all are equally valid and change as societies, and people evolve. Contradictory to the moral absolutism view, which stipulates absolutes govern specific actions that are intrinsically right or wrong, relativism refutes the existence of an immutable objective moral code relevant to all human beings. However, evidence supports the absolutism view of universally held beliefs of right and wrong.
“Metaethics,” a term coined by Ayer in 1949, is the study of what it means to be ethical. This division of philosophy sought to understand the meanings of words such as “good” and “bad.” The rise of metaethics underlined the dichotomy between normative ethics — what should we do? — and metaethics — why should we be moral? Normative ethics used to be the center of attention in the world of philosophy.
In today’s world, many people tend to have a set of ethical principles which is one of the guidelines for them to follow on. The question is how he or she defines ethics? To answer, Ethics is best defined as knowing what is right or wrong in the action based on the moral principles. Moreover, it is also known as the branch of knowledge that deals with ethical issues. In relation, there are some ethical theories which deal with the ethical issues.
Moral theories are theories that help us distinguish between a right or a wrong action. Adequate moral theories help us understand that what we should or shouldn’t do in certain situations. Two of the most famous moral theories are Utilitarianism and Kantianism. According to Utilitarianism, an action is right if only if it out of all the other action gives out the maximum utility. In oppose to that, Kantianism says that an action is right if and only if, in performing that action, the person does not treat anyone as a mean and treats everyone as an end in itself.
Consequential ethics or Consequentialism is a normative ethic theory that makes the consequences of the act as its basis to categorize it either as right or wrong. It says that morality is all about finding the right “overall consequences” or what these actions bring about. Consequentialism’s ultimate goal would be positive outcomes such as happiness, freedom, and survival of our species. Consequential ethics determines the rightness and wrongness of an act solely by analyzing the costs and benefits of the action’s consequences. Consequentialism therefore overlooks the means used and actions done to produce the result, as long as the effect is desirable and favorable.
Consequential Ethical theory It is a part of normative ethical theories and it means that the consequence of ones behavior is an ultimate mean for anyone to judge the rightness or wrongness of that behavior. So, from the perspective of a consequentialist an ethically right act is the one that will inherit good outcome or consequence. It usually explains the saying “the end justifies the means” which means that in order to achieve a goal, take any route which leads to achieving it.
“Ethical objectivism is the meta-ethical view that there is at least one objective moral standard and that some
