2. How does DNA replicate itself? In order to replicate itself, DNA undergoes DNA replication, a process in which the DNA unwinds and splits in two. From that point on, new nucleotides are added to each of the original strands (A to T, C to G) until the result is two identical sequence copies of DNA.
Viruses are capsules with genetic material inside. They are very tiny, much smaller than bacteria. Viruses cause familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu and warts. They also cause severe illnesses such as HIV/AIDS,
These viruses include the following: herpes, measles, fowl pox, mumps, and equine encephalitis. It was said that Henrietta’s cells helped launch the field of virology. The book also mentions how viruses reproduce by injecting some of their genetic material into a living cell, essentially reprogramming the living cell so it reproduces the virus instead of itself which is a concept we have learned this semester (Skloot, Location
When a virus meets a host cell, it injects its genetic material into its host, taking over the host’s
they may attack almost any living organism. Viruses will invade a cell in the body and uses part of the cell to multiple causing new viruses to produce. Bacteria are much larger than viruses. they live everywhere. many bacteria will not cause an infection.
Beginning in September of 2020, as a phage researcher in the SEA-PHAGES program under the supervision of Dr. Susan Gurney and Dr. Brett Condon, I worked with other members of the team to isolate a bacteriophage that had never been discovered. I then utilized bioinformatics to study the virus’ DNA sequence, and this culminated in a poster presentation at the National SEA-PHAGES symposium as well as a publication titled “Isolation and characterization of Microbacterium phages through a virtual lab experience. " This experience taught me the importance of meticulous attention to detail in research, and I had the honor of learning how scientific experiments are performed by two distinguished and knowledgeable professors. I will work hard to apply this same attention to detail to my time as a
Infectious diseases are caused by the intrusion of a host organism by foreign organisms, which are generally named microorganisms but are often called microbes. These microbes can also be known as pathogens if they cause an illness. The most common pathogens are bacteria and viruses, although a number of microbes also cause disease. When an organism is linked to an infecting microbe, it is known as the host for that microbe.
An experiment conducted by Paul Turner revealed the process of pathogens host shifting and how they adapt. Turner infected the virus phi 6 into specific plant bacteria and discovered that the virus not only grew slower on the new host, but that each virus contained a mutation on a gene with a protein called P3
Klebsiella pneumonia or also known as Friedlanders bacillus is a disease that is found in humans and animals. The genus is named after Edwin Klebs a 19th century German Microbiologist. Klebsiella forms in soil and the water on plants. K. pneumonia is found in the digestive and respiratory systems causing lobar pneumonia, meningitis if spread into the blood stream, urinary tract infections, and would infections. Klebsiella is part of the family Enterobacteriaceae and belongs to the genus Klebsiella.
When any two of the competitors face off, one outcompetes the other. However, when all three competitors are in play, they all survive. This same type of competition can be observed between organisms in an ecosystem and even microorganisms in a petri dish. This experiment was carried out to observe the effect of Gram positive
The virulence of the plague bacillus—that is, its ability to multiply in the tissues of its host and cause death—is remarkably stable and vigorous. Once ingested by a flea, it multiplies until the insect’s digestive tract is blocked. When the flea bites another rodent or a human, bacilli are regurgitated into the new host and migrate through the lymphatic system to lymph nodes. There they are able produce proteins that disrupt the normal inflammatory response and that prevent their digestion by infection-fighting macrophages. With the host’s immune response thus weakened, the bacilli quickly colonize the lymph nodes, producing a painful swelling and, eventually, destroying the tissue.
The new viruses then move on to repeat the process on other nearby cells. From this description of the viral reproduction process, we see that viruses have something that would strongly move its status towards
Once inside, the virus basically hijacks the cells living organelles and masquerades itself as pieces of cellular DNA. From there, DNA code is transcribed into RNA messages which are translated into individual viral proteins. Then the virus components are assembled into thousands of new viruses (Crawford, 2011). Thus infecting the host and becoming the cause of many life threatening diseases. I’ve chosen yellow fever as my research topic for several reasons.
Viruses, unlike bacteria, are not cells; they are parasitic invaders and consist of a fragment of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, inside a protective protein coating. (Science dimensions 4) Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells. Once inside, they take over the control of the cell and program it to make even more virus particles. When the number of virus particles reaches its maximum, the cell breaks apart, releasing the virus and allowing it to attack other cells. Sometimes Viruses can remain inactive for long periods of time following the invasion of cells.
Introduction: In vertebrates, the skin is made up of two layers: the outer epidermis and inner dermis. The epidermis, being the outermost layer, functions as a protective barrier between the external environment and the internal organs of the body, thereby protecting the internal organs from external stresses such as pathogens, toxins, water loss, chemical and physical stresses, etc.1 A majority of physical stresses that the epidermis experiences are in the form of spring forces, osmotic pressure, tensional forces, surface tension, sheer stress, etc.. Mechanical forces are generated in part through external physical assaults and in part through dynamics of the internal cytoskeletal machinery like actin, tubulin and intermediate filaments,
