Baker Vs. Carr: A Landmark Supreme Court Case
Business Law Case Study Essay: Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S (2014) Facts: The Green family runs and owns Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., a national arts and skills chain that has over 500 stores and they have over 13,000 employees. Other facts of the case are that the Green family has been able to organize the business around the values of the Christian faith and has explicitly expressed the desire to run the company as told by Biblical principles, one of which is the belief that the utilization of contraception is wicked. Also, the facts show that under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), occupation -founded group health care plans must offer certain sorts of preventative care, for example, FDA-accepted contraceptive approaches.
By the end of 1966, alone 4 out of the 13 southern states had beneath than 50 percent of African Americans registered to vote. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was readopted and adequate in 1970, 1975, and
These policies and laws were unfair and discriminatory towards people of color and change was desperately needed. The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 to 1965 pushed the Civil
The African American males were eligible to vote now, but ended up not enjoying their citizenship and rights to vote. All African Americans were granted “The First Vote,”(Document F). They were now citizens and were allowed to vote due to the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment. This should have been a great moment in history for the blacks, but instead whites made them feel like being a citizen was bad and they hurt and tormented them. The Reconstruction Era negatively affected the South more so than the North politically.
In 1908 he took on a case that would forever change the way cases could be present in court. Representing Oregon in the case Muller v. Oregon, Brandeis once again found himself in front of the Supreme Court. At issue was whether it was constitutional for a state law to limit the hours that female workers could work. Discovering a flaw in the current statue that considered it unreasonable infringement of freedom of contract between employers and their employees for a state to set any wages or hours legislation. By reviewing previous cases where the contract was limited when factors of a real or substantial relation to public health or welfare were at hand (The Brandeis Brief).
Decades after Reconstruction, congress had never passed any laws preventing segregation or discrimination. In 1957, civil rights began to emerge and the government started to investigate discriminatory ideas. The Civil Rights Act was proposed by President John F. Kennedy in 1964, later, it was put into action by Lyndon B. Johnson. A speech given by Johnson titled “Remarks upon signing the Civil Rights Bill,” clearly states the “purpose is not to divide, but end divisions” (¶3). Johnson's idea is that all american citizens should be working together to change the issues of discrimination.
The tactics used civil rights movement of both the 1950’s and 1960’s were different helped them succeed in different ways. During the late 1950s the tactics that were used were political, while in the early in 1960s they used social and political tactics to get their goals achieved, but in the late 1960s the tactics that were used were primarily economic and social, In the 1950’s, the civil rights movement was very successful because activist showed the level of racism and segregation in the south. The tactics and resistance made in this time period helped achieve desegregation because and the resistance that the activists dealt with just made them become more aware in the media and hopefully spread nation wide.
The Civil Rights Act ended unequal voter registration requirements. It fought to get women and blacks voting rights. A year before the Civil Rights Act was enforced congress passed the unequal pay act. That meant that blacks and women were not payed nearly as much as white men.
To accomplish social equality and justice has been a long controversial issue in U.S. history. Voting Rights Act of 1965 should be understood as a tremendous accomplishment today because it not only represent a symbol of the triumph of fighting social injustice, but also open the first gate for African American and minority to strive for more political power in order to create a “great society.”
In this paper, I will focus on the Civil Rights Act of 1964. I will provide the history, the important people involved in the establishment of the Civil Rights Act, the events that led to the act, and the reactions from the people, mostly Southerners, after the act was established. In the year of 1963, Blacks were experiencing high racial injustice and widespread violence was inflicted upon them. The outcry of the harsh treatments inflicted upon them caused Kennedy to propose the Civil Rights Act.
One of great prominence was the Supreme Court case, Brown vs. Board of Education. From such would come the ruling that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. This did not entail immediate change, however. There was heavy repercussion towards the ruling by many southern politicians, believing that it violated the rights of the states. This proves the lack of empathy for this minority group at the state level.
Once Johnson was no longer in charge congress put into place the Civil Rights Act, an act that declared everyone who was born in the United states to be granted a citizen no matter their race or previous conditions. This meant all former slaves could become true legal citizens. Similarly, the 14th amendment made it so that each state was to give equal protection of the laws to everyone because it too declared all citizens were equal. This amendment also would not allow for confederate political leaders to hold positions and it would not forgive any debts of the confederacy. Following the civil rights act and the 14th amendment the 15th amendment and then another civil rights act were also put into effect.
Then the court case, Brown v. Board of Education, ended “separate but equal”, and started the integration process. The integration had started, but African Americans still could not vote, so Martin Luther King lead thousands in the Selma Marches. The voting rights act was signed, and everyone could easily vote. The marches were essential
Even though the government adopted the Voting Rights Act in 1965, African Americans’ suffrages were still restricted because of southern states’ obstructions. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was important for blacks to participate in political elections, but before this act was passed, there were several events led to its proposal. The government gave African Americans’ the right to vote by passing the 15th Amendment, but in the Southern States, blacks’ suffrages were limited by grandfather clauses, “poll taxes, literacy tests, and other bureaucratic restrictions” (ourdocuments.gov). As times went on, most African Americans couldn’t register their votes.
In 1875, John Smith was unjustly arrested for an assault charge placed against him by his wife and the mother of his children. It began with a standard marital argument that included subjects such finances, the husbands sporadic work schedule and the wife’s claim that the John Smith’s drinking only made their problems worse. Mr. Smith told his wife that “he had not been drinking and that if (she) did not shut up that he would hit her”(Smith). Mrs. Smith continued to shout at her husband, all the while being in front of their child and the neighbors child. Mr. Smith then proceeded to walk over to a pile of kindling wood and a picked a piece about (roughly two inches in diameter) and then proceeded to walk back over to his wife with the piece
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