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Small Intestine

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The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients. Recent literature reveals that the function of the small intestine is much more complex. The bowel (multicellular organ) is composed of absorptive enterocytes, and other cells viz. secretory, immune and neuroendocrine cells that perform a number of essential physiological functions including secretion of hormones (Petras, 2012). There are three subdivisions in the small intestine viz. duodenum (approx. 25 cm), jejunum (approx. 260 cm) and ileum (approx. 395 cm). The duodenum receives the chime (processed food) that just got processed in the stomach and is the part of the GI tract where the most digestion happens. The jejunum is the part of the entire GI tract where the most absorption of nutrients occurs (McCauley, Kong et al. 1999). Last part of the GI tract is the ileum wherein there is some important absorption of nutrients that takes place e.g. absorption of Vitamins etc. The busiest part of the small intestine is the duodenum because there are bunch of things that are involved in …show more content…

Glutamine enters from the blood stream into the mitochondria for energy production. Metabolism of this amino acid in the small intestine is initiated by the conversion into glutamate and ammonia catalyzed phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG). The glutamate produced then leaves the mitochondria into the cytoplasm where it is converted into α-ketoglutarate primarily via transamination reactions. Alanine and aspartate are produced via the transamination reactions catalyzed by alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, respectively as illustrated in this pathway. The α-ketoglutarate then enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle where it is reduced, then co-enzymes (NADH and FADH2) are produced. The co-enzymes are used in the electron transport chain by the mitochondria to synthesize ATP (Blachier,

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The digestive system is responsible for chemically and mechanically breaking down food and includes organs such as, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, and additional accessory organs. These organs all aid in the breakdown of food. Food is broken down mechanically by chewing and churning in the stomach, and chemically by acidic enzymes in the stomach and in the small intestine which receives enzymes from the pancreas that are specifically designed for the breakdown of nutrients. Once the food and nutrients are broken down, the excretory system removes whatever the body decides is waste by filtering blood in the nephrons of the kidneys and turning it into urine which is then collected in the bladder and removed from the body when the bladder is

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Alkaptonuria Ashley Thompson Grand Canyon University Alkaptonuria Alkaptonuria (AKU), which is commonly known as the black urine disease, is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder that occurs due to the mutation in the Homogentisate 1,2 Dioxygenase Gene (HGD). The HGD gene is what provides interactions for the making of the enzyme called homogentisic acid oxidase (HGAO). HGAO is the enzyme that helps by breaking down the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. Tyrosine is known as a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group and it has a special role to the phenol functionality. Tyrosine appears in the proteins that are a part of signal transduction processes.

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Psychotic Siblings and What Makes Them So Insufferable Most people have at least one sibling to torment them for eternity. It is a fact of life for about 80 percent of the population, though some of them may wish they were not part of this statistic. Those who have no brother or sister to pull their hair or steal their allowance are blessed beyond words, but nevertheless some sibling-less children often wonder how different their life would be if they had someone to grow up with.

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The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

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Small Intestine because of its width its called small intestine, not its length. It's actually much longer than the large intestine. The small and large

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We might have some extra passengers from the Liver which are the bile and the Pancreatic juice from the Pancreas. They will digest me before we enter into the second part of the stomach which is the Jejunum. Not the jumanji that’s a totally different ball game we can explain that at a different time and when I am in better shape. Since we passed through a lot we are now in the ileum. Now the fun thing about it folks that it is eleven feet long and it connects to the first part of the large intestine!

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Irritable bowl syndrome can make daily activities unbearable. Patients usually experience chronic diarrhea or chronic constipation. Fortunately, sticking to an IBS diet plan can relief the symptoms of IBS. Doctors can prescribe medications to treat IBS, but starting a new nutrition plan has been proven to relive symptoms for many people dealing with IBS. Increase Soluble Fiber and Avoid Insoluble Fiber Fiber is an important part of a healthy diet, but eating too much insoluble fiber can cause digestion problems.

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For instance, enteric nerves recognizes how full the digestive tract is by determining how far it has extended. This message is then passed onto the brain which sends out a message to halt eating. These nerves also recognize when a person consumes fat or protein containing foods and the central nervous system reacts to this by signaling specific organs to release substances for assisting the breakdown of fat and protein macronutrients. 14. What is irritable bowel syndrome and what are some of the symptoms?

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Introduction Gallbladder is an organ in the body and it is part of the biliary system. It is a pear-shaped muscular sac that is located on the ventral surface of the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. Moreover, it has 3 layers; an outer serous peritoneal layer, a middle smooth muscle layer and the last layer is an inner mucosal layer which is connected to the lining of the bile duct. The main function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile which helps the body to break down and digest fats.

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The small intestine begins with the duodenum which has the large responsibility of continuing to break down the food. The jejunum and ileum are

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The channel receives food where it is digested and converted to simple raw materials that are easy for the body to absorb and use in growth and energy, then the remaining waste is expelled. The main functions of gastrointestinal tract can therefore be summarized as ingestion, digestion, absorption of food, defecation or removal of food waste from the body, Gastrointestinal tract varies from one animal to another. Some animals have multi-cavity equipment, while some animal equipment consists of only one cavity. The intestinal gastrointestinal tract in normal adults is about 6.5 meters or 20 feet long and consists of two parts, the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower intestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract can be divided according to its composition during the embryonic stage to the anterior, middle, and posterior

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The process of peristalsis starts in the oesophagus when a bolus of food is gulp down. The food is brought to the stomach by the strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle in the oesophagus, where it is churned into a liquid compositioncalled chyme. The process of peristalsis proceeds in the small intestine where it blends the chyme byits to and fro motion and here nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls. Peristalsis ended in the large intestine where water is absorbed into the bloodstreamfrom the undigested food constituent. Finally, the residual waste products are expelled from the body through the rectum and anus.

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Furthermore, the liver works closely with gallbladder, pancreas and intestines which help us with digestion and absorbing food. Underneath the liver is the gallbladder which aids in storing bile produced by the liver. In addition, the pancreas which is located behind the stomach is also connects to the small intestine (duodenum) and it contains a fluid known as pancreatic fluid. The major portion of digestion and observation takes place in the jejunum and ileum, which

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1437 Words | 6 Pages

Throughout the urea cycle, the amino acid, arginine, is changes into ornithine- this is another amino acid when hydrated, that is when water was added. During this reaction, urea is the product formed (Nelson and Cox 2008). Figure 1 shows the urea cycle, occurs specifically in the mitochondria and cytosol in the liver. (Nelson and M.Cox 2008). Urea is made in the liver by means of enzymes in the urea cycle.

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The digestive system is located around the stomach area. Along with the digestive system, many other organ systems all work together to create an organism. An example of this would be if a person eats a sandwich and then goes for a run. During the run, the circulatory system helps the body breathe, the muscle system helps the bones move, and all the while the digestive system digests the food. Later on, the excretory system gets rid of the waste, or food that the body can’t use for nourishment.

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