1.Spinal cord - is a long, and tubular shaped structure that contains nervous tissue and cells located at the end of the brainstem and continues down to the bottom of the vertebral column. It used to connect the peripheral nervous system and the brain. It acts as sensory system and transmitted message to the brain.
2.Conus medullaris - is a tapered structure that located in the most distal part of the spinal cord and end with filum terminale.
3.Cauda equina - It makes of spinal nerves and spinal nerve root that located near the first lumbar vertebra of spinal cord.
4.Filum terminale - is a fibrous tissue structure that proceeded downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It has two sections: filum terminale internum and filum terminale externum.
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It usually affected the lowest vertebra of the back. It is not easy to detected due to it covered by the skin or spinal tissue. Most of time, it is asymptomatic.
6.Spina bifida aperta - is a vertebral protrusion that contains the meninges or the meninges and spinal cord. It causes CNS defects.
7.Tethered cord - is a congenital spinal disorder that the spinal cord “stuck” into a structure and usable to move freely in the spinal cord. This can cause lasting damage to the spinal nerves.
8.Spinal nerves - are nerve tissues that located in the spinal cord which is able to transmitted the motor, sensory and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.
9.Myelomeningocele - is the most serious spinal defect that the spine unable to form completely. It is a protrusion that contains spinal cord and nerves in the patient’s back. It can cause patient limb defects, bladder and bowel dysfunction and Physical