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Unit 4 P4 Research Paper

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P4 – Describe the three structures of the skeletal muscle (Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium) There are three structures of the skeletal muscle: Epimysium is a thick layer of irregular connective tissue that pulls the entire muscle as well as protecting the muscle from friction that may be caused by other muscles and bones surrounding them. Also, it is the fibrous tissue which covers and surrounds skeletal muscles. The Epimysium carries on past the end of bones in order to create muscle tendons. Perimysium surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres, it is a casing of connective tissue. Endomysium is found within a muscle and it contains nerves and capillaries. It is a fine layer of connective tissue that extracts each individual myocyte. P5 – Describe the sliding filament theory, giving a step by step process. …show more content…

As muscle contractions occur they myosin filaments bind and attach to the actin filaments Myofibril is the contractile threads found in striated muscle cells and a segment of myofibril is called a sarcomere. The role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is storing calcium ions, as well as releasing calcium ions during muscle contractions and reabsorbing calcium ions when the muscles relax. Actin is a protein that forms the thin filament in muscle cells. Thin filaments are made up of two long chains of actin molecules that are twisted around one another. Each actin molecule has a myosin-binding site where a myosin head can bind during the process of the sliding filament theory. Myosin is a protein that generates the force in a muscle contraction. Tropomyosin is a long strand. It loops around the actin chains in the thin filament. It covers the myosin binding site of the actin and tropomyosin molecules and prevents muscle

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WRITING ASSIGNMENT - UNIT 3 The word proctor (n.) as defined by the Cambridge English Dictionary is a “person whose job is to watch people taking an exam in order to check that they do not cheat” (Definition of “proctor”). Therefore, the act of proctoring will ensure no cheating is accomplished during an examination. This is important because it ensures students are awarded grades for their own merit. Not all courses at UoPeople require a proctored exam, however, prior to graduating from the UoPeople every student is required to take five proctored exams if they are completing an Associate’s Degree or 11 proctored exams if they are completing a Bachelor’s Degree (Student Handbook). Students may select their own proctor however they must be

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The AP travels along the sarcolemma and into the T-tubules where voltage sensors called Dihydropryridine (DHP) receptors cause Ca2+ to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the muscle cell cytoplasm. Sliding filament theory describes how myosin interacts with actin to contract the sarcomere. Ca2+ binds to the troponin of the thin actin filament, shifting the tropomyosin off of the myosin-binding sites. The myosin head then binds the actin and forms a cross-bridge. The myosin is also bound to ADP.

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As mentioned previously, Muscle dystrophy is an inherited disease that causes weakness and loss of muscle mass. With this, the mutated genes affect the productions of the protein that is needed in order to form healthy tissue in one’s body. While there are many different forms of this disease, this is due to a genetic mutation. This can occur within the emerging embryo. The main symptom of this is the advanced weakness of the muscles.

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These fibres an explosive burst of power for a short period of time due to have a high level of myosin ATPase and a rapid rate of calcium release. Most suitable activities are max output activities; such as weightlifting.

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There are three types of muscle contraction. The first is when a muscle (a fiber, a motor unit, or the muscle as a whole) is activated, it attempts to shorten itself. It attempts to contract and exerts force. Whether the muscle actually becomes shorter depends on many factors. But the force is still being generated as long as the muscle is trying to contract.

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Actin is the thin filament that encases, separately, the two ends of a thick myosin. The Myosin connects to the Actin through multiple symmetric ties to the outer actin. These act like rowers in a skull.

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This is important for external and internal changes in the body. Contractility is the ability to shorten when sufficiently stimulated. Extensibility is the capability to stretch or extend. When being contracted, muscle cells shorten; but they can be stretched even more when relaxed. Elasticity allows muscles cells to recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched out.

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Smooth muscle is the muscle found in all hollow organs of the body except the heart, and is generally not under voluntary control. Cardiac muscle, the only type of muscle which does not experience fatigue, is the muscle found in the walls of the heart which continuously pumps blood through the heart. Skeletal muscle is the muscle attached to the skeleton which is the type of muscle that will be described here. The main function of skeletal muscle is to generate forces which move the skeletal bones in the body. Muscle is a long bundle of flesh which is attached to the bones at both ends by tendons.

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Satellite cells are the main donors for the formation of new myonuclei, which is important for muscle hypertrophy that occurs as a reaction to myogenic precursor cell formation, muscle development, muscle regeneration besides exercise, training and hormonal stimulants (Montarras et al., 2013). Nuclei of satellite cells exists under basal lamina. However, unlike real myonuclei they exist out of sarcolemma. Because of their location between sarcolemma and basal lamina, satellite cells can be detected either with electron microscope or marker proteins of sarcolemma and basal lamina. Transcription factors such

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Two alleles, one from each parent, creates the mutation that leads to an increase in speed. ACTN3 works with actin filaments to coordinate muscle contractions found in fast twitching muscles. There are two variants of the gene. The R variant and the X variant. You get one of each variant from your parents.

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