In Italy there were two powerful leaders, Garibaldi and Cavor. Garibaldi unified Italy and made an army of over a thousand men, they were called Red Shirts. Cavor ruled Piedmont and allied with France to make Austria attack him when he knew that he could win a war war against Austria. He was correct in his assumption when he beat Austria in war. They had more numbers and better weapons and organization.
Germany
Germany formed an alliance with Italy so that Austria felt threatened. Bismarck had lots of new weapons so he went to war against Austria in 1866, he won the battle. He did this to look powerful and to test the new weapons that he had. He also tried to ally with Spain but they never formally agreed. This made France afraid of Germany because they didn't know that it wasn’t formal. Germany was one of the most powerful territories at that time because of their weapons.
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They lost Venetia to Prussia after they had moved troops north. They tried to attack Piedmont but lost the battle and were weakened. There were so many different ethnicities in Austria that it was hard to rule. People didn’t always agree with you because everyone had a different view on things. Most of these people didn’t want to be ruled by the Austrians When Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated, Austria was weakened just before the start of WWI.
Russia
Russia wanted the Crimean Peninsula for access to the warm waters, Black Sea, and Mediterranean. They started war to gain access to this port it was called the Crimean War. In 1854 they were stopped by the European powers and were weakened. When this happened they realised that they were technologically behind the other countries. They allied with Austria which hurt Austria in the end because they were both weakened when Germany lost the war. Then Czar Alexander III freed the serfs so they could get married and own land. He did this to try to catch up with the other countries. United