Central Nervous System

The central nervous system, or endocrine system, is responsible for the “fight or flight” response in the body (Pietrangelo); the body will use its energy resources to prepare to fight for survival, or flee. This occurs as a result of the hypothalamus in the brain signalling a release of hormones, cortisol and epinephrine, to provide a burst of energy for running from danger. Cortisol and epinephrine cause the liver to produce more glucose (sugar). As a result of chronic stress, extreme levels of glucose are produced, which is difficult to maintain, and could result in diabetes. Additionally, individuals who are already diabetic have the overwhelming task of managing high glucose levels resulting from chronic stress (American Psychological

Men experiencing chronic stress will notice a decrease in testosterone, which will interfere with sperm production (Pietrangelo), resulting in eventual erectile dysfunction or impotence (American Psychological Association). Women affected by chronic stress will experience a significant alteration to their menstrual cycle and premenstrual syndrome, such as missed periods, periods with higher levels of cramping, mood swings, and fluid retention (American Psychological Association). Additionally, women approaching menopause could experience heightened symptoms

Within cognitive appraisal, there are two additional stages; perception and evaluation. In the perception stage, the mind looks at the cause of the stress, and determines whether or not it could be considered a threat in the current situation (Carson et al). For example, a snowstorm could be considered a threat to someone who needs to travel a long distance for work, but it could be considered helpful for students who have cancelled classes (“Stress and Cognitive Appraisal”). After that decision is reached, the mind has to decide if the resources and precautions required for coping with the stress are present (Carson et al). In the snowstorm example, the individual who has to travel for work will assess whether or not the road conditions are acceptable for their vehicle, snow tires, experience, etc. Once this evaluation of stress is complete, the individual chooses the path to take to deal with the stress- whether that means calling in sick for work that day, or braving the road