Chapter 1 Anatomy And Physiology Summary

Kristi Yamashita

Mr. Vasquez

Physiology, Period 2

19 August 2016

Chapter 1 Review Exercises

Part A

1. The early development of knowledge about the human body most likely began long ago. Our ancestors probably had interests in the human body only when an injury or illness needed attention. However, as healers continued to cure and work with the body, they began to discover useful ways of examining and treating it. Healers learned the effects of wounds and illnesses as well as how to heal them with early forms of medicine.

2. Anatomy is the branch of science that focuses on the structure or morphology of body parts. This includes their forms and how they’re organized. On the other hand, physiology deals with the functions of body parts.

The control of body temperature is maintained through a mechanism called negative feedback. It follows a brief pattern of stimulus, receptors, control center, effectors, and response. The body is maintained at a constant temperature, although it may be changed occasionally. If the temperature drops below the set point, or the ideal temperature of the body, thermoreceptors “notify” the control center of this change. The brain triggers effectors such as skin vessels which constrict, inactivating sweat glands. This helps conserve heat. If this is not enough to bring the temperature back to the set point, an involuntary action called shivering occurs. The same idea occurs in the body when the temperature rises above the set point. However, blood vessels dilate and sweating occurs, cooling the

A homeostatic mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure is found in blood vessels, also known as arteries. Pressure-sensitive receptors in the walls of arteries sense changes and signal the control center. If the blood pressure is above the set point, the brain sends signals to the heart, telling it to contract more slowly and with less force. By sending out less blood, the pressure goes down. However, if the pressure is below the set point, the brain signals the heart chambers to contract more rapidly and forcefully in order to raise the pressure.

12. The axial portion of the body includes the head, neck, and trunk, while the appendicular portion contains upper and lower limbs.

13. The cavities in the axial portion of the body includes the cranial cavity, which houses the skull and the thoracic cavity, which is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity has two parts: the upper abdominal portion and the lower pelvic portion. Some of the cavities in found in the head includes the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, the orbital cavity, and the middle ear cavity. It also includes the vertebral cavity/canal which contains the spinal cord.

14. Viscera refers to the organs within the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic