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Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance Essay

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Recommended: Chapter 11 biology mitosis and meiosis

The chromosomal theory of inheritance proposed by Boveri and Sutton in 1902 states that chromosomes are the physical structures that are responsible for the transmission of hereditary characters through successive generations of all organisms. Chromosomes are the structures that store and transfer genetic material from one generation to the next. They are most often found as long, thread-like structures located within the nucleus and their main function is to carry hereditary information. Recombination of chromosomes and crossing over during meiosis allows for variations to occur within a species from generation to generation. The word chromosome is derived from the 2 ancient Greek words ‘chroma’meaning coloured and ‘soma’ meaning body, hence …show more content…

Structure of chromosome observed under a light microscope shows two chromatids connected at a point: the centromere. Chromatids are simply the condensed form of chromatin. Chromatids separate during anaphase stage of mitosis and meiosis II to form the genetic material of separate cells. The chromonemata are the portions of the chromosome that contain genes that code for protein synthesis.

Also known as the primary constriction or the kinetochore, the centromere is the region of the chromosome that is attached to the spindle fibres during mitosis or meiosis. While most chromosomes have only one centromere, some may have two (dicentric) or none (acentric). Depending on the location of a centromere, chromosomes can be classified into 1 of 4 types.
1) Acrocentric: small, rod-shaped structures where centromere is located towards one end so that one arm of the chromosome is notably smaller than the other.
2) Telocentric: rod-shaped structure where the centromere is located at one end so that the chromosome has only one arm
3) Submetacenteric: L shaped structure where centromere is located more towards the centre but the two arms are unequal in

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In which case, the nuclear envelope is visible again and the DNA uncoil into chromatin. No DNA replication occurs during interphase II. In prophase II, the nuclear envelope disintegrates again, and the chromosomes stay in sister chromatid form (if they unraveled into chromatin during interphase II they condense again). In metaphase II, spindle fibers from opposing poles of the cell attach to the centromeres of each sister chromatid. Sister chromatids are two identical copies/strands connected by one centromere that results from the replication of a chromosome during the S phase.

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Each living cell in the human body has a nucleus with 23 pairs of chromosomes inside it. In each pair of chromosomes, one chromosome comes from the father and one from the mother. Each chromosome carries units of inheritance known as genes and these genes interact to create a new set of instructions for making a new person. Genes are made of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The DNA contains the instructions for producing proteins; it is these proteins that regulate the development of a human being.

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The sister chromatids are pulled towards oppsite poles of the cell. (http://andrewhulse.weebly.com/archive-blog---life-in-room-213206209/archives/01-2014) Telophase:the chormatids are now called chormosomes. The nuclear envelope reforms arounds the two sets of chromosomes to form two new nuclei and in each nucleus the nucleolus reforms. The spindle fibres disappear and the chromosomes become uncoiled, elongated and are no longer visible.

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