Cleanthes argues that animals must have consciousness because they are built from the same complex and perfect systems that human beings are built from. He cannot accept that minds so similar to our own cannot be as “complex and purposeful” (pg. 2). Philo refutes Cleanthes’ argument with three points. First of all, Philo says “nature is not perfect, and is often defective, or excessive (pg.2)”. We need rain, but too much rain causes floods, which causes destruction. Secondly, that by assuming nature is imperfect, we can assume that there is an imperfect creative process. From this conclusion Philo says we can leave out the idea of a perfect creator. Lastly he criticizes Cleanthes for his analogical and anthropomorphic aspects in his arguments,