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The job of the “Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles.” (The National Commission for the Protection of Human
After World War Two and the Nazi experiments on concentration camp prisoners, the Nuremberg code was developed for the use of humans in scientific research. The code centered on human consent and safety, with successful trials with animals prior to using humans. However, most doctors in the U.S felt the code didn't t apply to them, that they were above the international code. In Henrietta’s day, there weren’t laws that protected research participants. In her time, it wasn't mandatory for doctors to have patients sign consent forms.
Ethics throughout science are very controversial as they are the model of distinguishing between right and wrong throughout all aspects of research. Throughout Honeybee Democracy and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks we are given an insider’s perspective to the ethics, or the lack there of, regarding the ongoing research and the researchers conducting it. Although the books cover very different subject matter, there are divisions of their research and within their individual ethics that are almost indistinguishable. One of the most highly debatable and common questions of ethics stems from the idea of whether it is acceptable to sacrifice lives for science.
Although in the 1950’s everyone was oblivious to the actions of unjust cell culture and research, a minority were aware of the consequences however they failed to act upon it. Because of this many researchers took this as an easy way to access all of the patient’s information without consent intending it would benefit both sides. “Southam… was withholding information because patients might have refused to participate in his study if they’d known what he was injecting” ( Skloot 130). Ethics plays a long way in knowledge and moral conscious. Not only does it balance out the set of disciplinary concepts, it also sets the intellectual discipline.
The Belmont Report is now a required read for all participants involved in human research (ZZZ). The Belmont Report addresses three ethical principles for human research participants. One ethical principle is respect for the person. Respect for the person requires medical researchers to obtain informed consent from study participants. Additionally, the participants must be given accurate information about their circumstances and treatment options so they are allowed to decide what happens to them(ZZZ).
Some of the reaming Nazi’s got what they deserved, justice. The Nuremburg Trials were two phases of the trails and happened through November 21, 1945-Aprial 13, 1949. The purpose of the Nuremburg Trials was to punish the German Nazi officers and leaders for what they did. According to the article “Nuremburg Trails”, by author William Young, “The Nuremburg Trials prosecuted political, military, and economic leaders of Germany after World War II,” (Young). This means that the trials at Nuremburg found the German political, military, and economic leaders guilty of the charges they committed before, during, and after WWII.
“A Question of Ethics” by Jane Goodall and “Animal Research Saves Lives” by Heloisa Sabin presents two sides of the same coin in regards to Animal testing. Thereby, questioning the validity or necessity of animal research and testing today. In “A Question of Ethics” by Goodall she presents a scenery of the living conditions of the animals which are often isolated; posing the ultimate questions of, whether animal research is essential to medical research? Or How many tests are performed only to conform to laws and not out of scientific merit? The Suggestion was made that scientists should explore alternative options, such as testing on cell and tissue cultures.
Under these conditions, the survey has limitations. The survey intends to represent the majority of people in the U.S., but the survey is limited in representation based on who actually responds. In addition, limitations concerning the accuracy of the data will exist contingent on the ability of the respondents to answer questions correctly. Consequently, researchers rely directly on the information reported by the respondents and verifying the accuracy of the information provided by each respondent is not feasible. However, the process is cost effective as surveying everyone in the country is unrealistic.
In the United States Constitution, it declares that all American citizens have a “right to a fair trial” (HG.Org, par 1). What does the word “fair” even mean? According to Merriam- Webster “fair” is defined, “marked by impartiality and honesty: free from self-interest, prejudice, or favoritism,” (Merriam-Webster, Par 1). In court terms, that means the plaintiffs and the defendants both deserve an equal trial. This was a huge controversy from November 20th, 1945- October 1st, 1946 a.k.a.
Context: The four major Allied powers—France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States—set up the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg, Germany, to prosecute and punish “the major war criminals of the European Axis.” 1 It is often believed that Nuremberg Trials to be the beginning of modern international law. The judgement in the trials had a strong legal influence on subsequent developments and it raises questions that still concern us in studying international criminal law. Still being the first of its kind dealing with mass crimes against humanity, the trial lacked precedent, legality and had its own criticisms too which will be further discussed in the essay.
I. INTRODUCTION On 8th August, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II in May of 1945, the Allied governments entered into a joint agreement establishing the International Military Tribunal for the purpose of trying those responsible for the war atrocities. Whereas some 5,000 Nazi’s were charged with war crimes, the Nuremberg trials were designed specifically to prosecute high ranking Nazi officials with whom the authority for the commission of heinous atrocities rested. The Nuremberg Trials would therefore be marked in history as one of its kind.
Experiments consisted on freezing, genetics, surgery, interrogating, traumatizing, pharmacological, sun lamp, and high altitude experiments (“Medical” 1). Michael Berenbaum, an expert on Nazi medical experimentation, stated that “Some experiments had legitimate scientific purposes, though the methods that were used violated the canons of medical ethics. Others were racial in nature, designed to advance Nazi racial theories. Most were simply bad science” (Berenbaum 1). What Berenbaum means is that experiments committed by Nazis were cruel and simply horrible.
Any study that involves subjects concerning human beings should be approved first from the ethics committee before being effected (Chiarelli & Cockburn, 2002). Further, if the paper ever sought for ethical approval is not being mentioned in any section of the article concerning its ethical issues. This is one of the pitfalls noticed at the beginning of the
When it comes to scientific methods, there are a variety of ways in which one can reach their goal. Of course, there are certain rules that one must follow when it comes to scientific research. The foremost of these rules is to abide by a certain code of ethics. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein disregards the ethics of research, preferring to accomplish his goals without thoroughly thinking of the consequences that might arise from creating life for the dead. Of course, he wasn’t the only one ignoring the ethical guidelines of research.