Part A: The professor was driving to work one day, and another driver ran a red light, then hitting him. After this incident, whether the situation was harmless or not does not matter; as we saw with Watson's study, with little Albert and the white rat/rabbit. (Reference: Watson exposed a child to a series of stimuli with a white rat and a rabbit, then observing the child's reactions. The child initially showed no fear response on either animal. The next time Albert was exposed to the white rat, Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer.
“Opening Skinner’s Box” In the first chapter of her book, Lauren Slater mentioned about the strange rumor of B. F. Skinner: Skinner tried to bring up his daughter like an experimental animal in a “skinner’s box” which is known for his notable discoveries about operant conditioning for animals (7-8). Of course, this is not truth, and his experiment for his daughter was quite loving one which could even assist her growth. Then Lauren decided to apply his method of operant conditioning to her baby to make her not crying during midnight. Even though operant conditioning could help children’s growth like Skinner’s or Lauren’s cases, is it really safe enough not to give them some trauma?
Obedience is tested by how long the subject will continue to “shock the victim”. The point of this study is to determine if Americans are obedient even if they know the act is wrong. 2. What is/are the research questions and/or hypothesis/hypotheses? How obedient would subjects be to researchers when it comes to shocking a victim?
The experiment baby album was a very horrific, traumatizing, and cruel and cruel experiment. The experiment didn't consider the long-term effects that it would have have such a small child. The experiment was supposed to demonstrate classical conditioning. Watson believed that classical conditioning had the ability to explain, and justify all characteristics in human nature. Moreover, to prove his hypothesis and beliefs he took revolutionary, inhumane and prodigious risk.
He saw that the more personal, or close, the real participant had to be to the fake one, while they were being shocked, affected the obedience as well. He also noticed that if there were two other fake participants teaching that refused to shock their learners that the real participant would not comply. Finally, he tested the experimenter telling the real patient to shock the learner by telephone, instead of actually being there in person, reduced obedience as well (McLead). The Milgram experiment and the Nuremburg trials can relate extensively to explain how the Holocaust happened the way it did.
Then, the participants were fully debriefed about the situation and how no physical harm was inflicted. Generally, “the obedience experiments produced a disturbing view of human behavior” (Blass, Print). The procedure heavily relied on the experimenter because the participant, upon instinct, chose to turn to them when in doubt or when showing nervousness. They were always commanded to continue the
Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Experiment Sounds of painful scream echoed in the room. People trembled without knowing what to do. The authority just sat there reiterating with his low voice to continue. Ultimately, the cries quiet down and eventually disappeared. In the end, someone was killed.
Dr. Bruce Perry began his book The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog: And Other Stories from a Child Psychiatrist's Notebook – What Traumatized Children Can Teach Us About Loss, Love, and Healing with a statement about children and their resilience. Much like what we discussed in class, Dr. Perry touched on how children were thought to be naturally resilient and that they seemed to bounce back quickly. However, he continued with the statement that even the slightest bit of stress can impact an infant's development. Likewise, we discussed numerous things that can impact the welfare of children, such as attachment, education, and poverty.
1.Tom is uncomfortable riding on escalators. As a result, Tom avoids using any escalator. This is normal behavior, because many people feel the same way as Tom do. Maybe he is fearful that he will be trapped in the escalator, and have a panic attack.
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response.
Unconditioned response: An unconditioned reaction is conduct that happens normally because of a given jolt. Nonetheless, a jolt prompts a molded reaction just when somebody has come to relate that boost with another. For instance, when a man howls after being nibbled by a creepy crawly, the cry is an unconditioned reaction. (study.com) Conditioned response: An unconditioned reaction is conduct that happens normally because of a given boost.
Pediatrician Nadine Burke Harris explains that repeated stress of abuse, neglect and having parents struggling with mental health or substance abuse issues has real, tangible effects on the development of the brain. This happens across a lifetime, to the point where those who’ve experienced high levels of trauma are at triple the risk for heart disease as well as lung cancer. There has been an impassioned plea for pediatric medicine to confront the prevention and treatment of trauma, head-on. I feel that Dr. Harris used control groups to form her research due to 17,500 adults were asked about their history of exposure to what they called "adverse childhood experiences," or ACEs. Those did include physical, emotional, sexual abuse; physical
For this paper, I chose to write about the Little Albert experiment The overall importance of this study was to discover if a human could be conditioned to develop a bias, fear, or generalized fear of an animal, object, or person based the stimuli placed around the involved person, animal or object. Watson & Rayner (1920) suggested that “in infancy the original emotional reaction patterns are few, consisting so far as observed of fear, rage and love, then there must be some simple method by means of which the range of stimuli which can call out these emotions and their compounds is greatly increased.” This means that before any conditioning occurs, the subject should have a pure response, but after minor and simple experimentation and conditioning,
Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors. John Watson believed that if he were given infants, then he would be able to make one a thei,
Because the German-Jew relationship during the Holocaust had interested him, psychologist Stanley Milgram (1963) had conducted an experiment on “destructive obedience”, to determine the conditions where the subject will obey authority and the conditions where they will disobey. In the experiment, the subject is told by the experimenter to give shocks from a scale of low to dangerously high to the person on the electric chair (who was an actor) when they give a wrong answer. The shocks were not real, but prior to the experiment, the subjects were given a small shock to influence them that the shocks in the experiment were true. Surprisingly, Milgram’s experiment resulted with many of the subjects obeying the experimenter, continually increasing the shock level to the “dangerous zone”. There was a noticeable arousal of conflict shown on the subject’s face when the person receiving the shocks displayed discomfort (Milgram S., 1973, p. 63).
