DNA Vs Eukaryotes Research Paper

The more that is known about DNA and RNA the better we understand on how it reacts, replicates, and produces proteins in varying environments. With the information that have today we have a rather sufficient grasp on how DNA replicates itself, how DNA produces RNA and vice versa, how RNA replicates itself, and how RNA makes the final product of proteins. Here, we will specifically look at how DNA transcribes into RNA within bacteria and eukaryotes. The main differences between the two transcription process is eukaryotes have a nucleus where the RNA is transcribed and processed while bacteria do not have a nucleus so the RNA is transcribed in the cytoplasm and the RNA is not processed after transcription. They are similar in the fact that they

This polymerase is made-up of two main parts. There is the core which is a pentameric polypeptide and another polypeptide that is called the sigma subunit. The sigma subunit performs the job of activating the core enzyme by inducing a conformational change and the RNA polymerase is turned into a holoenzyme. Once the RNA polymerase is active it is attracted to the promoters on the DNA with the help of consensus sequences. Before the initiation phase can begin a gene called the promoter must be recognized by the RNA polymerase on the template strand of the DNA. This sequence directs the polymerase to the coding region of the gene. There are two major consensus sequences upstream from the coding region of the gene. One is at the -10 position and one at the -35 position and they are known as the -10 consensus sequence or Pribnow box and the -35 consensus sequence

The RNA polymerase, now a holoenzyme, attaches to the promotor sequence forming a closed promoter complex. The polymerase then unwinds a small portion of DNA by the Pribnow box and now forms an open promoter complex. After the open promoter complex is formed the holoenzyme continues down the DNA strand and begins transcription of the coding region of the gene. The process of elongation begins when the RNA polymerase reaches the +1 nucleotide and begins to synthesize RNA using the template strand of the DNA. After of few RNA nucleotides are transcribed, the sigma subunit of the holoenzyme leaves the core enzyme and the core enzymes continues downstream to synthesize the rest of the RNA from the template strand. Upon reaching the end of the gene, termination begins by the recognition a DNA termination sequence. There are two main mechanisms for termination in bacteria. The first and most common is intrinsic termination which relies on a repeated sequence in the DNA. The second is known as rho-dependent termination, which as the name suggests, is reliant on a specific protein called a rho protein. This completes the process of transcription in bacteria and now we turn our attention to how this process occurs in prokaryotic