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The Role Of Decolonization In Africa

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Decolonization refers to the process by which colonies became independent and were allowed to govern themselves; from a state of ‘colony’ to that of ‘Republic’. Presently, there are 16 remaining non self-governing territories (Decolonization, 2015). It took different forms with different countries. For some, it was gradual and peaceful while others were violent and characterized by native rebellions who were fired up by nationalism. There were various factors that led to decolonization in Africa particularly after the Second World War (WWII) when European countries generally lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress revolts in the colonies (Decolonization, 2015). Egypt was the first African country that gained independence in Africa on 28th February, 1922 from Britain. In sub-Saharan Africa however, Ghana was the first country to attain independence from Britain on 6th March, 1957 (Ghana’s Dubious Decolonization Distinction, 2015). …show more content…

Three key elements played a major role in the process: the thirst for independence, the Second World War which demonstrated that colonial powers were no longer invulnerable, and a new focus on anti-colonialism in international arenas such as the United Nations. The Atlantic

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Ghana fought for Independence; the movement being led by Kwame Nkrumah. He believed that the land did not belong to the European’s, so they wanted freedom from their rule. The British ended up approving Ghana’s cries for independence and by 1957 they were free from British rule. ( Doc. 6 ) In Kenya, their president Jomo Kenyatta led their fight for independence from the Europeans.

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European countries tried to civilize Africa and succeeded in their movement on trying to imperialize them but only lead the Europeans to making a profit and nothing for the African workers. The only independent African states were Ethiopia and Liberia, the rest was ruled over strong European nations, like Britain and France. European nations ruled over Africa from the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s, King Leopold was one of the most notorious rulers over the African estates, Leopold ruled over the Congo free state and was considered to be one of the richest near his death. What motivated European nations to imperializing Africa were, money, resources, and nationalism.     

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British and French European countries were considered the biggest winners in the “race” to size African colonies in 1914. By 1885 the only two African countries to remain independent was Ethiopia and Liberia.(Doc A) John Ruskin announced in his lecture at Oxford University February 8, 1870 that the colonist “first aim” should be “to advance the power of England by land and by sea” This influence that John had for the European countries was a great impact for imperialism in Africa . Great Britain made about 3 million dollars from exports to South Saharan Africa in 1854 and this number increased to 20 million in 1900. This change in rate of growth for exports in Great Britain was a cause for competition in Africa among the European countries with the resources Africa was providing such as copper, zinc, lead, and coal.

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In the late 19th century, Western Imperialism gave rise to movements of resistance and independence. Decolonization movements gained importance after World War II, not only because the wars sparked nationalism in the colonies. However, imperial powers weakened by the war were less able to suppress colonial independence. Many methods were used to gain independence. In some cases, fighting was to achieve independence from a colonizer such as France.

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Towards the close of the nineteenth century and the start of the twentieth century, European imperialist governments in their quest to expand their territories for various reasons aggressively scrambled and invaded the African continent. Initially, the gullible African societies, most of which were decentralized, welcomed the foreigners but after realizing the stakes some mounted resistance (Johnston,43). As expected, the more sophisticated imperialist governments prevailed in most of the colonies and subdued the natives. The effects of the foreign presence were monumental, and it would take more than half a century for these colonies to free themselves from the oppressive rule and become independent governments. Until the late 1800’s,

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So Europe invaded Africa, took possession of Africa, and divided Africa into colonies of Europe. The period of invasion, lasting some twenty years, was more or less completed by 1900. There followed a longer period, between sixty and ninety years, of direct European rule, called colonial rule. This was a time of profound upheaval for all of Africa’s peoples. It brought irreversible changes” (4).

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