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Diagnosing Smallpox

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Diagnosing smallpox can be made in several ways; by the signs and symptoms that the person presides with; by withdrawing the variola virus from the persons blood or from the lesions; and from antibodies found in the infected persons blood that reacted to the virus. Diagnosing this virus is made in specific laboratories only where there are suitable means for testing and protecting the laboratory technicians (https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/smallpox/fact_sheet).

Treatment
The infected person should be isolated and admitted in a room with negative pressure, placing them under respiratory isolation and also contact isolation. Provide supportive measures. (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-treatment).

Prior to contacting the smallpox virus, obtain the vaccine. Aministering the vaccine four days after a person has been exposed can either prevent them from having symptoms or drastically reduce the brutal symptoms of smallpox. A person may also benefits from obtaining the vaccine four to seven days after they have been exposed to smallpox by it offering them minimal proctection and decreasing its intenseity …show more content…

Tecovirimat, Cidofovir and Brincidofovir were all tried in a laboratory setting on animals that had a disease that was comparable to smallpox and was effective toward the virus. All of these antivirals were not tried on people that had smallpox, but was administered to people that were well. Tecovirimat shown to be safe with minimal side effects. Cidofovir and Brincidofovir that was tried on well people were successful however Cidofovir could be harmful to the kidneys. Brincidofovir had less harmful side effects than Cidofovir. The effectiveness of using these three drugs on a people with smallpox has not been established since they have not been tested on people that had the disease. In the event of a smallpox outbreak consideration may be given to use these

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The vaccines are then injected into the body, where the immune system will see the virus and kill it. Since this virus was already in the body once, the antibodies will remember it and attack it, preventing you from getting sick. A lot of other well-known vaccinations were discussed in this book, however, not all of them came from the WI-38 cell line. Dr. Hayflick also discovered the MRC-5 cell line which was developed from fetal lung tissue. The vaccine for Hepatitis A was developed by the MRC-5 cell line where the incubated virus is purified and then weakened just like the WI-38 cell

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Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: the great smallpox epidemic of 1775-82, (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001). Pages, ix, 384, index, bibliography. Review by Samantha Pilcher. Elizabeth A. Fenn is the author of Pox Americana.

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Antisepsis wasn’t the only way to prevent illness. By the end of the 18th century people had found a way to try to prevent smallpox, a disease that had caused around 60 million deaths in Europe in that century alone. They had noticed that the survivors of smallpox never developed the disease again, so they began to scratch small pieces of smallpox sores into their skin, which would give them a mild case of smallpox, so they wouldn’t develop full-blown smallpox later. This was called variolation. They only problem was that sometimes it would cause a full-blown case instead of a mild one.

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Another similarity between Smallpox and the black death is that they both advanced important movements. Smallpox is credited with being the cause of the rise of the American abolition movement. White people living in the slave ports feared for their own health, which brought the notion of the movement itself. The Black Death is credited with being the cause of the Reformation. Due to people like William the One-day Priest, the church was thought to be corrupt.

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When an individual has this disease, symptoms such as pyrexia, migraine, queasiness, upchucking, chills, and having pain on one’s back would appear. Yellow fever has no cure and treatment incorporates merely of endeavors in order for the convalescent to be consoled and at ease. Patients would recuperate up to three to four days but, about fifteen percent would enter another stage of this sickness after a respite. This stage consists of a reappearance of high fever, abdominal pain, the skin will turn yellow and there is a possibility that the eyes can become yellow as well, bleeding from the eyes, nose, mouth, stomach, heaving, and degrading kidney function. Yellow fever is known to exterminate thirty thousand people yearly.

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As a result, they had no immunity to it. One example was the harm the smallpox brought, killing the whole empire of the Spaniards. As stated in the documentary The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of America by Miguel Leon-Portilla About 95 percent of all Natives died from this disease in the span of 1518–1593. And according to a document called The Key to Understanding Global History by Jerret, millions of people lived in America isolated from European contact as a result of being immunologically defenseless when the Spanish arrived. As a result of many Indians dying, the Europeans got Africans to replace them.

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Also, in the year 1966, it was estimated that 10-15 million citizens had died altogether. Smallpox was finally proclaimed eradicated in 1980. Nowadays, only government laboratories in the United States and Russia contains fragments of the virus for research purposes. However, if used as a biological warfare agent, it is a immense threat to humanity and civilization because of its case-fatality of more than 30%. No cure or treatment for smallpox exists.

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So, many people have been debating through years about whether the vials of smallpox should be destroyed or not. This essay will be discussed furthermore about both sides of this argument by supporting some evidence. First, according to an op-ed written in PLoS Pathogens, the main reasons why we should destroy the vitals of smallpox is to ensure our safety. Russia still have the vials of smallpox. As it's known now, Russia is not a trustworthy country because Russia sells weapons to Bashar Al-Assad

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It is probable that smallpox existed before any known civilizations, as this disease is based on the activity of human interaction. Once a person became infected and survived, he would no longer be susceptible to this disease, and smallpox is passed on through interaction with other people. With this information in mind, entire ancient tribes could have carried this disease unknowingly, and only through emigration and immigration could the full extent of this disease been evident. Also, before major civilizations came about, most people lived in isolation from others. This isolation mitigated the spread and influence of smallpox.

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In my opinion, I don’t think it’s accurate to say that disease is an “unseen enemy” throughout history. The diseases mentioned by John Aberth are smallpox and the bubonic, also known as the Black Death. They both show symptoms of it taking place inside the human body. So in a way, they are not an “unseen” enemy. For example, the bubonic plague is spread through the bite of a flea.

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for this disaster is very much real. The Center for Disease control reports that “because smallpox was wiped out many years ago, a case of smallpox today would be the result of an intentional act. A single confirmed case of smallpox would be considered an emergency. There is no treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination”[15] It would be almost impossible to disseminate and spread enough of the vaccine in a quick enough time so as to prevent casualties.

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Vaccines as with any regulated drug are tested to proven to be effective and safe before being mass

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The disease is spread through air (coughing, sneezing) or direct contact (skin-to-skin). Symptoms usually include a high fever, continuous sneezing and coughing, and inflamed eyes. These first round of symptoms usually appear one to two week after the disease is contracted. Once the mentioned symptoms develop, a rash emerges three to five days later. There is no treatment for measles, but over-the-counter medications can deaden the symptoms.

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Once the child recovered from the cowpox disease, Jenner then tried to infect the child with smallpox, but the young man proved to be immune. “It seemed that this attempt at vaccination had worked. But Jenner had to work on for two more years before his discovery was considered sufficiently tested by the medical profession to permit widespread introduction.” (Alexander, 2003). Beginning in 1831 and ending in 1835, due to increasing vaccination, smallpox deaths were down to one in a thousand.

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Human monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus (family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae), that occurs mostly in the rain forests of central and western Africa. People living in or near the forested areas may have indirect or low-level exposure, possibly leading to subclinical infection. However, the disease recently emerged in the United States in imported wild rodents from Africa. Monkeypox has a clinical presentation very similar to that of ordinary forms of smallpox, including flulike symptoms, fever, malaise, back pain, headache, and characteristic rash. Given this clinical spectrum, differential diagnosis to rule out smallpox is very important.

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