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Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction Lab Report

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The purpose of this experiment was to determine what effects temperature, substrate concentration, and pH levels would have on a catalyzed reaction. What I hoped to find was that temperature to cold or to hot would denature the enzyme. Another is if the substrate concentration and pH level is too high or too low it may enable the enzyme. All three factors will affect the enzyme catalyzed reaction in some way or form. With previous knowledge that enzymes are proteins , and proteins work best under specific conditions I expect by changing the three factors the catalyzed reaction be affected . If the enzyme becomes denatured the substrate will not be able to bind to the active cite, and if the enzyme becomes too cold the reaction will never occur …show more content…

Each substance has almost a similar effect on the catalyzed reaction but differ in some ways as well. Enzyme catalyzed reaction are important for mostly all living organisms because these reactions are occurring within cells, and these reactions help to speed up the reaction rate and change peroxide into oxygen and water so the cells are not destroyed. The first experiment the effects of enzyme concentration on the reaction rate was calculated by placing three different amounts of concentration into the solutions and monitoring the reaction rate using a spectrophotometer. The three amounts of concentration included; 0.5ml, 1.0ml, and 2.0ml of enzyme. The amount of enzyme concentration did have an effect on the catalase. When the level of concentration was increased the movement of the enzymes also increased. As the enzymes are moving more rapidly they begin to bump into one another or interact with one another. Eventually the enzymes will reach a peak because there is a limited amount of substrate available that can bind to the active cite and this can cause the reaction rate to change. Viewing the graph below it can be

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The three things that can cause the enzyme to denature is a large change in pH level, High Temperature, and substrate concentration. According to our knowledge, we know that a large change in pH will cause instability in the protein structure thus resulting in denaturation of the enzyme. From the data, we can see that pH 3 (total:6.3) and 10 (total:6.2) were the slowest because pH 3 is probably the highest acid and pH 10 is the highest base. The highest acid or base pH represents a large change which would cause the enzyme to denature. The fastest pH was 6 (total:34.5), and it seems that there wasn’t a large change which resulted in a stable structure.

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Enzymes speed up chemical reactions enabling more products to be formed within a shorter span of time. Enzymes are fragile and easily disrupted by heat or other mild treatment. Studying the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on enzyme concentration allows better understanding of optimum conditions which enzymes can function. An example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is enzymatic hydrolysis of an artificial substrate, o-Nitrophenylgalactoside (ONPG) used in place of lactose. Upon hydrolysis by B-galactosidase, a yellow colored compound o-Nitrophenol (ONP) is formed.

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Errors that could have occurred in this experiment are cross contamination. Although steps had been taken to minimize this test tubes were not completely sterilized between different experiments. In regards to the boiling enzyme the enzyme may not have been in the boiling water long enough to produce the results expected. The hypothesis is partially supported, when the enzymes concentration is altered the rate of reaction correlates to the the concentration. The hypothesis however is not supported when discussing how boiling the enzyme effects the rate of reaction.

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(Enzymes par. 1) They are very sensitive to their surroundings and highly reactive to the pH levels and temperature once exposed to either one. Temperature causes damage to the enzyme,

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There are certain factors that alter how effective an enzyme might be in the reaction. Enzymes function better in warmer temperatures, the heat causes the molecules to move faster which increases the likelihood

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This was performed by placing test tubes in different temperatures, each with starch and amylase, and then using iodine to test how much starch was hydrolyzed. This experiment was executed in order to understand that each enzyme has an optimal temperature and without that optimal temperature, that particular enzyme would not be able to catalyze any reactions properly. The primary goal of the lab was to understand that if an enzyme is in an environment that is too cold or hot the enzyme will denature, thus being unable to perform its function ( Alberte, et al., 2012 ) It was found that for bacterial amylase, the optimal temperature was 55 °C and in fungal amylase, the optimal temperature was 25 °C. These findings can be applied to a number of commercial applications, and actually, enzymes hold a great amount of industrial and commercial importance.

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Another factor that can affect the chemical reaction is temperature. It can affect the enzymes by changing their speed and at a certain temperature denaturing them. When enzymes and substrates are moving quickly, they are more likely to collide and have a chemical reaction. The warmer the temperature the faster the chemical reaction is to a certain degree. The chemical reaction was the most effective at 40 because the enzymes and substrates were moving fast, but the temperature was not high enough to denature the enzyme.

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2. Rise in temperature would rise the rate of enzyme activity and absorbance until the temperature hits the optimal temperature, 3. pH level would affect enzyme activity, 4. and, the existence of inhibitor would decrease rates of the enzyme activity.

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A simple change in temperature, a molecule out of place, and a sudden change in the pH level are just some of the things that can harm an enzyme 's reaction rate (the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds) (5). To test the reaction rate of an enzyme, a lab was done to simulate what would happen to an enzyme under extreme conditions. The enzyme (represented by a hand) had to catalyze as many substrates as possible (represented by toothpicks) within 60 seconds. The experiment dealt with environmental factors such as extreme cold, presence of other molecules, etc. The lab that was simulated directly correlated to many of the topics discussed in class, like explaining the importance of enzymes and measuring the enzymes’ ability to function under different conditions.

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Enzymes are “proteins that help lower the energy necessary to do chemical reactions within the body”. They are considered biological catalyst. When the environment changes, the ability of an enzyme to catalyze a reaction decreases. Very high temperatures can denature enzymes by destroying their bonds and their shapes. Low temperatures, can cause enzymes to slow down and decrease their rate of interaction with substrates.

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The intramolecular and intermolecular bonds in the secondary and tertiary structures are disrupted by changes in temperature and pH. Changes in temperature and pH affect the shapes of enzymes, so the activity of the enzyme is pH and temperature sensitive. Some cofactors of enzymes are prosthetic groups (organic groups that are permanently bound to the enzyme,)

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An investigation was performed where protease was tested to see the change in temperature and pH of protease. Protease speeds up the chemical reaction in an enzyme without changing them. It was hypothesised that if the temperature was at a high temperature the denaturing would happen much quicker than at a lower temperature. This experiment was done using pH 2, pH 4, Ph7, Protease, Distilled water, peptide, and albumin. What we found out in this experiment was pH 2 had the best reaction even at a colder temperature it still performed well than the others.

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These enzymes have a secondary and tertiary structure and this could be affected by increases and decreases in temperature beyond the optimum temperature of the enzyme to work in. Mostly enzymes are highly affected any changes in temperature beyond the enzymes optimum. There are too

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In the lab experiment, I learned that certain factors have certain effects on enzyme activity. If an enzyme doesn’t have the right temperature, pH level, or concentration of the enzyme or substrate then the activity of it can decrease, slowing down the reaction. I also learned a lot about the enzyme cellubiase and its function. It is involved in the last step of breaking down cellulose to allow fungi and bacteria to produce glucose as food. In general, I learned that different enzymes have different jobs to do.

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ABSTRACT: The purpose of the experiments for week 5 and week 6 support each other in the further understanding of enzyme reactions. During week 5, the effects of a substrate and enzyme concentration on enzyme reaction rate was observed. Week 6, the effects of temperature and inhibitor on a reaction rate were monitored. For testing the effects of concentrations, we needed to use the table that was used in week 3, Cells.

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