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Episodic Memory

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When thinking about the ‘key features’ of long-term memory in order to answer this essay question, the first elements that come to mind are the different kinds of long-term memory that humans have in order to retain information, and which is the most effective/ important when comparing them all. The key features of long-term memory (LTM) that will be explored in this essay, as shown by Keane and Eysenck (2015), come under ‘declarative’ memory. Within declarative memory, both episodic and semantic memory is going to be evaluated and discussed. During the discussion; duration, capacity and accuracy will be examined and comparisons will be drawn between the features in order to choose to most effective feature of long-term memory. Evaluation …show more content…

For example, Bahrick et al (1975) conducted a study looking at old photographs of ex-students from school yearbooks. Keane and Eysenck (2015) stated that “Ex-students showed remarkably little forgetting of information about their former classmates’ names at retention intervals up to 25 years. Performance was 90% for recognising classmates’ names” (p. 270). From this study we can infer that episodic memory shows to have excellent retention and duration ability, as the majority of information regarding ex-students’ names was retained for up to 25 years. In addition to this, this study shows the importance of episodic memory, as it allows access to old information encoded in the past, but it also reveals that memories from this feature can be easily triggered by certain stimuli such as images, and knowing this shows that triggering recall of episodic memories may be much easier than for semantic memories. This trigger for recall that was demonstrated in this study can be applied the real world in revision situations, as students could use images to help recall information for an exam. So, this shows that episodic memory is very valuable and without it we would lack the ability to remember events from the past and other information that we encoded during that event. However, it is important to argue about the possibility of semantic memory being the most important feature of long-term

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There is Declarative or Sematic Memory is the things that you know without a doubt and can describe it and use facts and talk about it for as long as you need. For example, I could tell you everything you need to know about how to make an

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Memory is an important aspect of life as you are able to remember old memories and create new ones as well. In this paper, the focus is primarily on dementia. Declarative memory, procedural memory, and recall are various topics that are used to understand the roles they may play in dementia. Each topic is discussed in a paragraph. In each paragraph I introduce and explain the topic, then provide an example from the movie, The Notebook (Emmerich, Harris, Johnson, Kaplan, & Cassavetes, 2014).

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After reading an article by Endel Tulving, he talks about memory retrieval with regards to the human brain. He states in his thesis "The purpose of the present article is to question the traditional view that remembering the past and knowing things learned in the past represent similar cognitive processes" (Tulving, 1989). He continues by saying "I would suggest that remembering and knowing, as these terms are used here, are more appropriately conceptualized as operations of two hypothetical memory systems, episodic and semantic memory, and that in that sense they are not only similar, as all memory systems must be, but also basically different" (Tulving, 1989). In Tulving's first piece of evidence to support the above thesis he uses an example of a case study.

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A well known study called the “lost in the mall” study shed some very interesting light on the subject of long term memory.. This study had patients being told 4 stories about their childhood, and they would be asked for as much information as they can remember about each of the stories, however, without them knowing, one of the stories was false

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Interestingly Papagno (2016) stated that episodic memory is “information processed through the course of experience persists and can be retrieved past the experience and will continue to remain in the episodic memory for a long period”p.378. Comparing the two responses both suggest the same key idea about episodic memory. An application of long-term memory to apply this theory to practice is getting anyone to provide another with both textual and visual image of their most favourite memory. A limitation to this exercise is that how do we know if the person is being truthful in their response that undermines the whole point of the exercise which is to access the long-term memory in the episodic sub-category. It will have positive effects where

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(2008) notes the connection between episodic memory and memory with emotional connotations, pointing out that episodic memories can be triggered by heightened emotional awareness within an individual. This seems to be counterintuitive in light of the fact that episodic memory is related to non-rapid eye movement sleep, and in turn the hippocampus (Drosopoulos et al., 2013), while emotionally significant memory relates more to rapid eye movement sleep and its effect on the amygdala (Sterpenich et al., 2013). One reason for explaining the connection between episodic memory and emotional triggers is offered by a study carried out by Prince and Abel (2013), in which they note the connection between the hippocampus and amygdala, as much of the functioning of the amygdala relates to communication from the

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How reliable are the two models or theories of the cognitive process of memory, “|…|the process of maintaining information over time” (Matlin, 2005) , known as the multistore model (MSM) and the levels of processing model (LOP)? Both of these models have been widely criticized, but simultaneously they have improved our knowledge and understanding of how the process of memory works. In this essay both of these models of memory will be evaluated by presenting the strengths and limitations of each. The first model, the multistore model, was put forward by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) which suggests that the concept of memory involves three stores; the sensory stores, the short-term store (STS), and the long-term store (LTS).

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Although procedural skills such as learning to chart plaque scores, applying fixed appliances, removing and restoring decayed dental surfaces are acquired consciously, they become automatic through practice and once they are automatic, thinking about them may not necessarily improve them but instead impair them. Explicit memories are more complex as they are holistic, surrounding aspects such as sights, smells, tastes and emotions; usually a conscious effort is made for the intentional recollection of different aspects of previous experiences and stored information (4). Semantic and episodic memory are aspects of explicit memory where semantic memory refers to our knowledge of the world and episodic memory refers to our capacity to characterise

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The experiments used the sampling method in order to be able to predict the probability of a participant experiencing an autobiographical memory or aa prospective memory. The results of the experiment were as follows, the younger participants showed the they experience prospective memory and autobiographical memory equally. They did not experience one over the other. The findings of this study when it comes to younger participants is connected with the results of the previous studies. During this study, it was also identified that the younger participants experienced prospective memory for a longer period of time as opposed to the other type of memory.

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Explicit memory requires conscious thought to retrieve information. Such examples are naming animals or remembering what groceries you had bought yesterday. Similarly, episodic memory deals with past personal experiences in which requires conscious thought. These neural pathways are stored in a different place than your

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To start with the basis of understanding the memory, one must know that memories are stored in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In a recent fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) study over the past decade, researchers found that the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex have decreased in activity. The memory is a constructive surface and not so much reproductive. It can be distorted by being influenced by bias, association, imagination and peer pressure. As one goes to recall an event, the brain will now associate that memory with what is happening around them at the time of the recall.

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If information stored in the short-term memory is not learned and given attention, it will decay over time (Schunk 2012, p. 183). The short-term memory has a small capacity, and large amounts of information cannot all be stored (Schunk 2012, p. 183). To make it esier, information can be shortened or broken up to fit it in the short-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). Information that is used will be transferred into the long-term store/ long-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). There are different strategies to strengthen the memory of information from short-term to long-term.

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Introduction According to information processing model, short term memory has a limited capacity to hold information (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). The span of short term memory is said to be limited to about seven items (+2) (Miller, 1956 as cited in Terry, 2000). Short-term memory is also an active memory where we do our active memory processing (Lefrancois, 2000). For this reason, several researches have called the short term memory the working memory store (Gordon, 1989).

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Synopsis on Investment in Commercial Real Estate When people consider investing in the housing market, they commonly think of leasing out a single-family dwelling, as they are more contented with buying residential properties. But to balance the real estate investment portfolio, capitalizing in commercial properties can work as a great way to cash in. Considering the commercial market trends in Dubai, it had been a sanguine ride over the past few years and tends to have a similar impact in the near future. Besides, in the run-up to the Expo 2020, the commercial real estate has an optimistic impression and especially when we take on the office space market into consideration, it illustrates the subsequent growth and movements.

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This can last for days and even decades. There are two types of memory in Long Term Memory. One of them is declarative memory. It is in the conscious minds.

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