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Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory

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Life Story Interview Based on Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Theory According to Erick Erickson, there are eight stages that every individual travel through during their lifetime. Atalay (2007) stated the eight psychosocial stages pointing out that the individual is engaged in the struggle to challenge and overcome the crisis he/she is exposed to. Vincent currently is twenty nine years old, which fall into stage of intimacy versus isolation. The sixth stage covers the period from twenty to early forty. In this stage the main crisis need to be resolved is able to build harmonious relationships with others, which included friendship and intimacy relationships. If young adult able to form healthy relationships with others means he or she …show more content…

According to Erick Erickson the first stage of the Psychosocial Developmental Theory is trust versus mistrust, it starts from birth to one year old. In this stage, infant fully depended on caregiver to fulfill he or she needs. Erikson believes that infant-parent attachment, the first social relationship, lays the foundation for all of the infant’s later social relationship. The main development task for this stage will be developing trust to the environment, others and self. In addition, infant needs to develop a sense of safety to his surroundings. If the mother or main caregiver able to provide love, caring and fulfill infant basic needs consistently, then the infant will be able to develop basic trust to others, self and environment. According to Robert and John (2013), “infants who experience the trust and compassion of a secure attachment should develop into preschool children who interact confidently and successfully with their peers” (p. 172). Erikson’s also claim that strength of hope will be develop. Hope is the first and most basic and yet it is also the most lasting; it is the most stable and yet acquires new qualities, depending on the general stage reached. Others wise, if the mother or major caregiver not able to provide quality care and manage to build a good relationship with an infant, then a sense of mistrust and withdrawal in social

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Attachment theory states that either secure or insecure bonds may form between infant and mother in the first several months of the infant’s life for the purposes of safety and security. The bond formed between infant and mother influences the quality of the relationships a child has throughout his or her life. One major reasoning of the attachment theory is that the parents are a sanctuary of safety throughout all of early childhood. Insecure attachments promote feelings of threat, rejection, and personal unworthiness. This can also be the explanation for the dream children stashing food away because of the possible threat that there,” will come a time when they will not be fed” (Smith 99).Unhealthy attachments not only lead to poor caregiver-child relationships, but can also cause a dysfunctional self-development, defective relationships, substance abuse problems, and educational difficulties.

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This state is called trust vs. mistrust. The child is completely dependent on caregivers, requiring proper care and love. This stage is particularly important in establishing trust and hope. The second stage, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, takes place within two to three years of age. This phase is focused on children developing a sense of autonomy and skills.

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The quality of one’s early attachments style as infants, determines the pathways of psychosocial development for the future as they develop in adults (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). The correlation between psychosocial functioning, self-confidence, independence, and social skills, maybe due to the result of infants whom experienced medical problems and or environmental influences. Some of these influences may have negative impact as it may have developed deficiencies in their lifespan development Presenting Issues-Description Oliva Crane is now 19, developing in young adulthood, returning into counseling during a term break home from college. Her mother Carol, is concerned about Oliva’s social development, as she appears more depressed than usual.

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Part A Stage 1 of Erik Erikson’s life stages model: Basic trust vs. mistrust In the first stage of Erikson’s model, infant explore the world. While their exploration, it can be foreseeable that they face difficulties. If infant can find someone to relied on or receiving care, love from the surrounding, trust could be developed. Having the sense of trust encourage infant keep on discover more uncertainty since they have a hope that they can gain support whenever they face obstacles.

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The first is a responsible caregiver creates a secure base for a child’s development, and this is crucial for cognitive, social, and physical growth. The second assumption made is that the first relationship becomes a model for all future love, friendships, and relationships in general, and this is how people first learn how relationships work (Meyer, D. et al, 2013). A child’s relationship with the primary caregiver is without a doubt an important factor of child development but only looking at attachment theory sidelines the role that genetic, biological, and other environmental factors play as a part of the big picture of human development (Dejong, 2014). Another issue that arises with attachment theory is individual differences children and infants have that influence attachments. For example Oppenheim et at.

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Attachment theory established an infant 's earliest relationship with their primary caregiver shaped their development and reflects on their self-esteem (Bowlby, 129), according to Bowlby, the development of attachment affected by the relationship with the caregiver in early age (birth to age 6 weeks), and then the child grows older and begin to understand his parent 's feelings. Also, he needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for the child 's successful social, psychological, and emotional development. In insecure or avoidant attachment the infant is "indifferent and seems to avoid the mother or the primary caregiver, they are as

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Theories (Erikson & Attachment) According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, trust vs. mistrust, occurs in the first year of life. Erikson believed that the caregiver’s response to the infant’s cries help them develop a sense of trust, when the caregiver responds right away to the infant’s distress of crying or fussing (Mooney, 2000). Erikson believed that in the earliest years of life, mainly during infancy, patterns of trust or mistrust are formed that control, or at least influence, a person’s actions or interactions for the rest of life (Erikson, 1950). Bowlby hypothesized that children are born with a predisposition to be attached to caregivers and that children will organize their behavior and thinking in order to maintain those relationships (Bettmann, 2006).

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Erikson was highly influenced by Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory of Development. Although, at first Freud was limited to childhood based on the phallic stage, Erikson focused on developing a lifespan theory. The eight stages are as followed: Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy): The basic and fundamental psychological task is for infants to develop a sense that their needs will be met by the outside world. Is their caregiver responsive, reliable, and willing to meet their needs? That basic trust is facilitated by a responsive caregiver once an infant gets hungry, injured, or needs to be changed.

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The babies were visited monthly and the carers were also observed and interviewed. A diary was also kept by the primary care giver (usually the mother) three measure were recorded. The first was stranger anxiety – the response to the arrival of a stranger, the second was separation anxiety – the distress levels when separated from the career and the degree of comfort upon their return and finally social referencing – the degree that the child looks at the carer to check how they should respond to something new (this is referred to as secure base). They discovered that a baby’s attachment follows in this sequence. • 0-6 weeks – Asocial –

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Erik Erikson’s stage of psychosocial cognition describes the eight stages of a developing human being and how they should go through their lifecycle. The individuality stage meets and then describes the challenges that an individual would experience. I will try to explain how Forrest Gump will relate to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development assumption. Forrest Gump perceive many motions as he developed throughout his life. We often coin these changes that Erikson mentions in this movie.

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In addition, some infants are classified as disorganized/disoriented with regard to attachment as they are not able to settle in to a single, organized attachment pattern when in distress. Instead, they become disoriented or resort to conflicting behavioral strategies. Attachments are not characteristic of either the caregivers or infants. It is the relationship bonds overtime between emotion and behaviors as infant and caregiver interact, particularly when infant needs for comfort are of concern. Sense of trust develops when a baby’s needs are responded to.

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Through factors such as cognitive development of the infant, attentive care and intimate interactions with a primary caregiver, the attachment relationship is created – shaping the infants- caregiver bond. By examining the interactions between an infant and their primary caregiver, we can identify secure, insecure and disorganized attachment (Ainsworth, 1978; Cassidy 1994); which can reveal a great deal about the relationship between the infant and attachment figure. Overall, the quality of attachment bonds formed in the early years can have long lasting effects on an infant’s emotional security and social competence; not only shaping their ability to form relationships, but laying the foundations for the social, emotional and mental development of the

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The attachment theory suggests that the relationship infants have with their earliest caregivers (usually their mothers) the first two years shapes all their future relationships. Numerous research and studies in developmental psychology of infants show that the quality of infant attachment is vital in the shaping of our personality and how we deal with relationships. According to the attachment theory, infants communicate attachment behavior to get their mother’s attention or to be in her proximity. Attachment is one specific aspect of the relationship between a child and their caregiver having the purpose being to make a child feel safe, secure and protected. Secure attachment can be achieved by the caregiver quickly and consistently responding to the infant’s signals therefore they feel their needs are being met and fulfilled.

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John Bowlby 's stages are secure, avoidant, ambivalent and disorganized. These stages are relevant to the children 's behavior because, you can tell these reactions here nowadays; children have moods that will show you how they are feeling. And his last main point is the child 's attachment relationship with their primary caregiver leads to development of an internal working model (Bowlby, 1996) as in understanding the child 's feeling and making them feel really close.. Bowlby (1969, 1988) also postulated that the fear of strangers represents an important survival mechanism, built in by nature.   Babies are born with the tendency to display certain innate behaviors (called social releasers) which help ensure proximity and contact with the mother or attachment figure

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Everything a child touches need to put in his or her mouth. Freud believes children do this because it gives them pleasure. However, Erikson’s Trust versus Mistrust is the first stage during a child’s infancy. A child depends completely on caregivers for basic needs such as food, comfort and warmth.

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