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Literature Review On Photojournalism

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Recommended: The importance of photojournalism

CHAPTER TWO - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

PHOTOJOURNALISM According to Towne (2012), Photojournalism was first introduced and was already documenting events as early as mid -nineteenth century when Carol Szathmari, a Romanian painter and photographer, took photographs of the Crimean War. She also pointed out, the term “photojournalism”, a combination of photography and journalism was coined by Frank Luther Mott – a historian and dean of the University Of Missouri School Of Journalism. The term only became familiar during the World War II (1935 – 1945). The people who do the practice are not just photographers but also journalists, thus photojournalists. Photojournalists play the role of gathering visual evidences on the report that …show more content…

36). In relation to this, Steele (1987, pp. 10-11, as cited in Lester 1999, par 37) also states that, “In utilitarianism, various consequences are considered and the impact of the consequences of an action is weighed in relation to the consequences of another course of …show more content…

This philosophy was founded by Aristippus, a student of Socrates. He believed that person should “act to maximize pleasure now, and not to worry about the future.” He, however, expressed to the pleasures of the mind-intellectual pleasure. (Lester 1999, par. 41)
GOLDEN MEAN This theory was proposed by Aristotle. “This philosophy refers to finding the middle ground, a compromise between to extreme points of view or actions.” (Lester 1999, para. 43). He continued, “this doesn’t mean that taking the middle way involves a precise mathematical average but is an action that approximately fits that situation at the time.” As Christian et. al (1983) noted, “the mean is not only the right quantity, but at the right time, toward the right people, for the right reason and for the right mean.” (as cited by Lester, 1999, para. 45)
THE VEIL OF IGNORANCE John Rawls outline the Veil of Ignorance as a philosophy where all members are equals. (as cited by Lester, 1999, para. 51) According to Christian et. al (1983), seeing anyone through a veil without noticing age, race, sex, and so on maintains, “basic respect for all humans.” (as cited by Lester, 1999, para.

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There are instances where these photographs cross an ethical boundary. Instances in which it becomes unclear whether they should tell the story. Sometimes described as disaster pornography, these photographs depict brutal moments of human suffering. Often with a level of objectivity that may seem callous or exploitative. These moments prompt the question: is this necessary to tell the story?

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For instance, she cites iconic dates, in which photographs drew public attention, such as incidents in “1840’s, “1871”, and “1930’s”. By choosing to include the dates of events and notable time periods, she exemplifies her knowledge of the history of photography and establishes how her claims are based on factual research and analysis of previous events. Rather than speaking abstractly about the social implications of photography, she references specific events, which strengthens her argument, since factual evidence is more difficult to refute due to its objective

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(Forman, 1975). There is a sense of understanding amongst members of the journalism world, a sense of urgency to find the most thrilling story. Critics and professionals from that world recognize each other’s work. Forman even went on to win a Pulitzer Prize for one of the photographs taken on this tragic day, as well as two more prizes in his later career (Forman, 2010). In an article about photographers’ responsibility to help (or not) in the situation they’re photographing, Boston Globe columnist Joan Veonnochi stated in Forman’s defense, “Journalism requires detachment and photo journalism requires instant reflexes.

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Obviously they are already aware of their circumstances, therefore applying an actual veil of ignorance is impossible, and to get anywhere close to what the veil of ignorance calls for they would be obligated to something akin to color-blindness, or race blindness among others to erase the idea of

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As we know consequentialism is the focus of an action that does more intrinsically good than bad, one kind of consequentialist theory is utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an action that produces consequences that are more good over bad for everyone involved. In order to produce an action that is the best one a utilitarianist would consider both long and short term effects. Two sub categories of utilitarianism include act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. act utilitarianism bases an action on the overall well being produced by an individual.

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[3]In a thought experiment proposed by philosopher John Rawls, individuals are asked to imagine designing a just society under a veil of ignorance, a concept urging people to prioritize fairness and equality since they can't predict whether their social structures will advantage or disadvantage them. Similarly, [4]Dr. King stresses a fair and harmonious society in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," except that he focuses on solving existing problems rather than creating a whole new society. The most fundamental difference between Dr. King and John Rawls is that Dr. King confronts a real problem that exists in a real society. In contrast, John Rawls only proposes a theoretical solution.

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In a community of metaphoric veils only the veil seen by the public eye is known as obstructive or harmful. Throughout the story, Hooper was portrayed as a monster for publicly wearing the veil as a symbol of his sins. “To surrender or give up, or permit injury or disadvantage to, for the sake of something else” (Dictionary.com). “The Minister’s Black Veil” by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Reverend Hooper sacrificed his love, his dignity, his own happiness, and his position in the community by wearing a veil, which led to his alienation.

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Bernard Williams’ essay, A Critique of Utilitarianism, launches a rather scathing criticism of J. J. C. Smart’s, An Outline of a System of Utilitarian ethics. Even though Williams claims his essay is not a direct response to Smart’s paper, the manner in which he constantly refers to Smart’s work indicates that Smart’s version of Utilitarianism, referred to as act-Utilitarianism, is the main focus of Williams’ critique. Smart illustrates the distinction between act-Utilitarianism and rule-Utilitarianism early on in his work. He says that act-Utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of an action depends on the total goodness of an action’s consequences.

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In some World Wars they threaten national survivals and therefore reports and photographs are released and published were they intended to create a sense of morale or to just keep the war effort going. For example, “One answer lies in the contemporary acclaim for photography as a truth-telling art”(Marwil,Jonathan). They say that because some photos of the war tells the truth as to what happen and some photos don’t and with photography you will always know the truth. Some reports and photos that are published from these photojournalists need to carry a certain amount of truth to inform the public in different places so people will know the truth instead of the lies. Some argue that reality is a like a videogame, but in this case it is not and people need to know about the war.

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Consequentialist theory followers. Consequentialist theory followers focus mostly on the consequences of the decision and the action. The most famous consequentialist theory is Utilitarianism. This theory follows the principle of utility which assumes that the decision is ethical if it maximizes benefits to the society and minimizes harms.

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