ipl-logo

Ethics: Good Reasoning

967 Words4 Pages

William R Madden Ethics: Good Reasoning 1. Introduction A. Anyone may have an opinion, but if it is likely to be accurate, that opinion should have relevant information used to support it. 2. Arguments A. A collection of information used to support a theory. B. Deductive Argument: Deductive logic can be used to discern cause and effect to predict likely outcomes for an event. C. Truth-preserving rule: The first two parts of a statement, if true, will lead to a conclusion that is also true. This is also known as valid rules. D. Premise: The first two supporting statements. This is used in the truth-preserving rule. E. Valid Deductive Argument: An argument that uses valid rules F. Sound deductive rule: …show more content…

When reviewing a premise, counterexamples are a good way to determine an arguments validity. A counterexample that can decisively prove validity is most useful. Another method to determine if an argument is sound, is to examine the underpinnings of the argument for faulty assumptions, or for moral reasons that might challenge it. B. Moral intuitions: A position for how to respond to a moral event after careful thought is given over a resolution. A moral intuition is not provable as true, and can be revised if an argument changes an individuals view. C. Causal Generalization: The understanding of cause and effect. This can be misunderstood without an examination of a large sample to establish validity. For example, the conclusion that smoking leads to lung cancer was accepted after reviewing the effects amongst a large portion of the population. Analogy: If a large sample cannot be taken to establish causation, an analogy may point to a similar situation to use as comparison. Slippery Slope: An argument that says small changes can lead to large ones that can be difficult to reverse once initiated. Hand Waving: Making an argument on the grounds that it is common …show more content…

Questions of Relevance: When reviewing the premises of an argument, determine if it is even related to the thing that is being discussed. Positions that have no relevance to the topic can be discarded. A strawman attack is an example of this, the strawman attempts to blur the intent of the message, clouding the real discourse. F. Fallacy: An argument that forms a weak conclusion. Formal Fallacy: The improper use of deduction to reach a conclusion Informal Fallacy: Faulty or obfuscated premises. Examples are the Ad hominem argument, Faulty Analogy, Questionable Authority, Begging the Question, Equivocation, Hand Waving, Hasty Generalization, Appeal to Ignorance, Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc, Red Herring, Slippery Slope, and Straw Man. G. Faulty Anology: A comparison that does not validate an argument. H. Questionable Authority: Using a reference that lacks knowledge about the topic being discussed. I. Begging the Question: To skip past the premise of an argument with the belief that the conclusion is true. J. Equivocation: The use of a term with one or more meanings could misrepresent intent. k. Hasty Generalization: A judgement made without sufficient

Show More
Related
54 Words | 1 Pages

During a GOP debate Republican Senator,Ted Cruz, attempted to use a diversionary tactic of answering a question,with a question, in order to draw attention from the real issue. In the media this sort of behavior is considered a red herring fallacy which attempts to hide weakness in a argument by not addressing the issue.

Read More
2172 Words | 9 Pages

Dialectical Journal for Summer Work .Explanation that Includes Analysis of a Rhetorical Strategy or Strategies (must be 100 or more words of explanation) “They said he was a p’fessor in a college, and could talk all kinds of languages, and knowed everything. And that ain’t the wust.

Read More
1116 Words | 5 Pages

Application of Historical Thinking Skills: Develop and support an argument that applies historical thinking skills as directed by the question. Supporting the Argument with Evidence: Utilize specific examples of evidence to fully and effectively substantiate the stated thesis or a relevant argument. Synthesis: Extend the argument by explaining the connections between the argument and ONE of the following.

Read More
194 Words | 1 Pages

Analogous argument sets up a direct comparison between two things in order to prove a certain thesis. Abductive explanation uses its conclusion to explain its thesis. Authors may use cause and effect strategy to strengthen a claim by proving that there is a direct link between one thing and another.

Read More
577 Words | 3 Pages

Have you ever noticed that the voices of others build up your own response? Gaining a perspective on this question is not an easy task to reflect on especially when people’s arguments determines your own. Gerald Graff’s and Cathy Birkenstein’s book, “THEY SAY, I SAY”, abridges their perspective on difficulties students face with persuasive writing. By deliberately including academic templates, the book assists students to overcome their inability of constructing their own arguments, based on what others have said. Covering the first four chapters; “they say”, “I say”, “trying is all together”, and “In specific academic context” I will showcase how Graff and Birkenstein’s book aid students to better express their personal thoughts.

Read More
422 Words | 2 Pages

Here is an example of a straw man argument: "... If someone argues that funding for food stamps should be cut, a straw man response would be, 'You want the poor to starve,' transforming a proposal to cut a specific program into an exaggerated argument that the proposer hasn't made." (Bullock, Goggin, Weinberg 340) Essentially, as I said before, the person committing the straw man argument is putting words in the proposer's mouth. "YOU want the poor to starve." The proposer never indicated that.

Read More
600 Words | 3 Pages

When these concepts are successfully completed, a professional researched argument is the

Read More
460 Words | 2 Pages

“It is the responsibility of the professor to conduct the class in such a way that maximal learning occurs, not maximal speech. That’s why no teacher would permit students to launch into anti-Semitic diatribes in a class about the Holocaust” (paragraph 5)I believe this is an Either/or fallacy. He tries to force a conclusion by pressing just two choices one which is clearly more desirable than the other. Another fallacy is “Teachers are dictators who carefully control what students say to one another.” Would this be an example of the Strawman fallacy, because of the lack of the support?

Read More
1392 Words | 6 Pages

This will be the most boring section, although unfortunately necessary. Definitions. A logically valid statement is a statement where if the premises are assumed true, then there is no possible

Read More
1783 Words | 8 Pages

Fallacies are used throughout the movie, but when the debate started, there are more uses of fallacies than towards the end, when the argument is almost developed. Fallacies are wrong or false beliefs that have little to no basis or evidence. The first use of this is when one of jurors says that all kids are liars and anything that kids say cannot not be trusted. There are many kids who are not liars. There are many children who do tell the truth and can

Read More
691 Words | 3 Pages

Going more in depth with our thoughts will require the use of these techniques but be aware that using them require full understanding and knowledge towards them to not cause a mistake or confusion towards the audience, writer, and yourself when explaining or claiming

Read More
225 Words | 1 Pages

Euphemism is a word or phrase that makes something sounds better than what it is. B, FALLACY OF AMBIGUITY( EQUIVOCATION) Dr.Merrick have used the word “carrier” in the sentence “Within 12 months, it will be harvest-ready, providing a carrier for your baby, a second pair of lungs, fresh skin.”. this is a type of fallacy which is the fallacies of ambiguity under equivocation. Equivocation means when the conclusion of an argument depends on the fact that a word or phrase used in two different senses in

Read More
662 Words | 3 Pages

What we mean by the logical fallacy is it an error is an off base contention in rationale and talk which undermines a contention's legitimate legitimacy or all the more, for the most part, a contention's coherent soundness. There are many good examples of logical fallacy, but the most one that I like it and affected me is red herring in my point of view it is one of the good examples. We can define red herring as bring something not related to the debate or discussion to distract from the main topic. General example, when it is time to the bed to sleep most of the kids start asking random questions just to forget the idea of going to bed so it shows how the kids distract the main topic which is going to the bed to something else just to forget the main idea of the conversations which is going to the bed, so we can see that what we mean in general what is a red herring.

Read More
275 Words | 2 Pages

Fallacy is “a reasoning ‘trick’ that an author might use while trying to persuade you to accept a conclusion” (Browne and Keeley, 85). They are known to be tricks or illusions of thoughts. They are often sneaky and seen everywhere specifically in politics, editorials, commercials, or advertisements. There are three common characteristics a critical reader should be suspicious of: reasons that requires inaccurate or incorrect assumptions, diverting a reader by making information seem relevant to the conclusion when it is not, and support of a conclusion that is already proven (Browne and Keeley, 85). Identifying these three characteristics will prevent a critical reader from being influenced.

Read More
485 Words | 2 Pages

An example of this is that I used a quotation from the primary text to support my argument, and a second quotation to support the opposing viewpoint in order to not seem biased. Both of the people whose essays I had edited used two quotations in order to support their argument and none to support the opposing argument. This made their argument seem biased because they did not have evidence that made the opposing argument stronger. If I could give my essay a grade, I would say 90’s because my first draft had gotten an 86 and I improved greatly upon the rough draft in order to make my final draft. When looking at my rough draft, the main thing other classmates noticed was my poor word choice which I greatly improved upon for my final

Read More

More about Ethics: Good Reasoning

Open Document