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Explain The Three Stages Of Prenatal Development

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Valeria Oceguera Chapter 9 Extra credit The three stages of prenatal development is the germinal period, the embryonic period, and the fetal period. In the germinal period a zygote is formed, in the embryonic period the placenta develops, and in the fetal period the babies system develops. Cephalocaudal development is when development takes place from the outside in and proximodistal is when development takes place from the inside out Teratogens are bad substances that go into the womb and can hurt the baby and the placenta is the mechanism in place to help protect the baby. The three reflexes of newborns are the grasping reflex, the rooting reflex, the sucking reflex. The grasping reflex is when babies grab any object, the rooting reflex is when babies scream to get attention for something that they might need, and the sucking reflex is when babies put things in their mouths. Temperament is how an baby expresses their needs and emotions the three typical patterns seen in babies are hunger, sleeping and being happy. …show more content…

In the preoperational stage the child starts to understand and use words and pictures, in the concrete operational stage the child can think about objects and in the formal operational stage the young teenage/adult can understand and think. The test that was used to study attachment involved a monkey and two fake wired monkeys, one fake monkey was covered with a soft fabric and the other was not. When the monkey did not receive milk from the soft fabric monkey, the monkey decided to go to the wired monkey to get his milk, however the monkey did not stay with him long and after receiving the milk he went back to the soft fabric monkey. The four types of insecure attachments are secure, avoidant, resistant and disorganized

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Unit 2 Discussion: Prenatal Development Readings: Chapter 3 and 4 A teratogen is any exposure in the environment such as drugs, illnesses, alcohol that can cause substantial harm to an unborn or breastfeeding baby. There are some teratogens that even if the mother was exposed to or poisoned at one point before getting pregnant can still cause harm to the unborn baby even if she is no longer exposed. Lead can be considered a teratogen as it is a toxic metal and can cause harm during the embryonic period.

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The secure babies used their mothers as a base to explore and as a protective safe haven. They were upset when the caregivers left but when they returned, they brought safety to the baby. Babies who had an avoidant attachment, didn’t want their caregiver upon return to the room. The caregivers for these babies may have been unresponsive to their signals of distress. Some babies were also classified as having resistant attachments, and tried kicking or arching their backs when comforted by the caregiver.

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Task 2 (1.2) Explain the following terms  Sequence of development Sequence of development means there is a specific pattern to a child developing.  Rate of development The rate of development means how quickly a child meets the milestones of development.

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When you are pregnant the first thing I learned was that the baby is called a zygote. Within the first week the zygote has grown to 100-150 cells. These first two weeks is called the germinal period. From a zygote you go to an embryo. It is an embryo from week 2 to week 8.

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Babies are born with an innate ability to learn and their brain to develop after birth. The neural pathways of a human’s brain are built based on their early experience in the world. A baby’s world is based on how they are treated by people in it therefore if the environment is scary then the baby will be reluctant to explore, as demonstrated n Bowlby’s and Ainsworth’s attachment theory. The brain and body become wired enough to understand what is safe and what should be feared. The birth to 3 years of a child’s life is a critical period for the brain during child development and any deprivation during this will result in persistent deficits in cognitive, emotional and even physical health.

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Theories (Erikson & Attachment) According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, trust vs. mistrust, occurs in the first year of life. Erikson believed that the caregiver’s response to the infant’s cries help them develop a sense of trust, when the caregiver responds right away to the infant’s distress of crying or fussing (Mooney, 2000). Erikson believed that in the earliest years of life, mainly during infancy, patterns of trust or mistrust are formed that control, or at least influence, a person’s actions or interactions for the rest of life (Erikson, 1950). Bowlby hypothesized that children are born with a predisposition to be attached to caregivers and that children will organize their behavior and thinking in order to maintain those relationships (Bettmann, 2006).

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1/10 Understanding how children and young people develop 1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth - 19 years. The rate at which all children develop varies from child to child, however the sequence of development is very similar. The ways in which children and young people develop are measured are social, physical, intellectual, communication and emotional development (SPICE).

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In addition, some infants are classified as disorganized/disoriented with regard to attachment as they are not able to settle in to a single, organized attachment pattern when in distress. Instead, they become disoriented or resort to conflicting behavioral strategies. Attachments are not characteristic of either the caregivers or infants. It is the relationship bonds overtime between emotion and behaviors as infant and caregiver interact, particularly when infant needs for comfort are of concern. Sense of trust develops when a baby’s needs are responded to.

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A human baby is born with poorly developed sight and is unable to move. As a consequence to this he is vulnerable and is completely dependent on a carer for survival (Winston, 2003). To improve the chances of survival, the baby is born with pre-programmed and automatic behaviour which are prompted by environmental factors (Bergen, 2008). Bowlby theorised that when a young child feels distressed, frightened or confused, attachment behaviour is triggered and this serves to bring the child closer to their mother* who provides the desired comfort, care and protection (Bowlby,

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The experiment was done in a room with a one way glass to observe the infant. Different situations were given to the infant to determine the infant’s attachment style, the mother of the infant would leave the room and the infant would be left with the experimenter or the experimenter would leave the room and leave the mother and infant alone. How the infant reacts to the situation is used to determine the attachment style of the infant. Infants with secure attachment style would be distressed every time the mother would leave, the infant avoids the stranger when the mother leaves and when the mother returns the infant becomes happier. Infants with ambivalent attachment attachment style get distressed whenever the mother leaves, and avoids the stranger when left alone.

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During the second trimester or four to six months, the heart rate gets stronger and other body systems are further developed. Nails, hair, eyelashes and footprints. Perhaps the most obvious size of the fetus is dramatically increasing and is about six times higher. While providing uterine protection, the fetus is indirectly connected to the outside world through the mother. Many mother-related factors can harm the fetus: poor nutrition, alcohol use, smoking, the use of some prescription or over-the-counter drugs, the use of recreational drugs such as cocaine, sedatives and drugs, X-rays and other types of radiation.

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A baby is governed only by its drives and only the id is present at this stage. An infant seeks immediate gratification which is achieved through its mouth – feeding, crying, and oral exploration of the world around it. Disturbance of the oral stage may result

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These milestones are to be used just as guidelines: Newborn to 1 month: Sucking, Swallowing, Coughing, Gagging, Grasping, Blinking, Startling reflexes are developed. Makes jerky,quivering arm movements. Keep hands in tight fists. Focus on objects 8-12 inches away. Recognizes some sounds.

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Everything a child touches need to put in his or her mouth. Freud believes children do this because it gives them pleasure. However, Erikson’s Trust versus Mistrust is the first stage during a child’s infancy. A child depends completely on caregivers for basic needs such as food, comfort and warmth.

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The arrival of a new baby, especially the first always marks a new beginning for a mother. It comes with a lot of challenges more so if the mother is less knowledgeable about baby care. Take such as cleaning the baby for the first time, or feeding, it is not easy. The baby is still fragile and slippery and needs a special care. But if the mother is not ready for all these, or maybe, does not have any knowledge on what to do, the baby’s life might be endangered since the baby needs a special care which only the mother can give.

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