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Externalities associated with smoking
The negative and positive effect of tobacco
Negative consequences of smoking
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Recommended: Externalities associated with smoking
In Tina Rosenberg’s article, “Ugly is the New Look for Cigarette Packs”, the main issue focuses mainly on how packaging is used to both dissuade and persuade people when purchasing the product. More specifically, smoking is a product, with the ability to sell based heavily on how its customers portray the product. The argument on how to dissuade people from purchasing cigarettes is discussed heavily, and Rosenberg includes many examples used by various countries to succeed in decreasing in cigarette sales. On the other hand, the discussion on what is used to persuade customers into buying the cigarettes is section of her article that shows how easily people are swayed into purchasing a specific brand of cigarette. By mentioning how cigarette companies persuade customers, it also provides a secondary issue in the article, about whether or not it is ethical to persuade customers in this manner.
In the article, “Brands R Us” by Stephen Garey, he talks about the negative effects of consumerism. Consumerism is the belief that people should spend a lot of money on items and services. He states that though many people don’t realize it advertisements have an effect on what we buy. Garey believes that every single person should limit their exposure to these advertisements. He also says that people are not consciously aware of advertisements but they subconsciously store them in memory.
In article, the writer points out that Louisiana legislature Oks 50-cent tax increase on a pack of cigarettes. To prove the statement, we can apply a microeconomic concept which is tax on buyer and tax on seller to the situation. An excise tax is a tax charged on each unit of a good or service that is sold. To discourage consumption of some good is one of the typical aims for excise taxes. From time to time, governments place taxes on markets with intentionally decrease market activity for the reason that the government feels the good or service being consumed is ethically or morally bad for people and it doesn’t trust people to make their own choices.
The primary audience of this graphic are people that don’t know much about the impact of higher taxes on cigarette sales. The secondary audience would be those involved in the debate about the effectiveness of higher tobacco taxes. The graph deals heavily in logos appeal. The effect of the graph is to persuade the viewer that the increase in tobacco prices from 1994-2004 has had an effect on the percentage of male smokers in France. It is with the decreased percentage of male smokers, that the graph draws correlation to the decrease in lung cancer death rates.
Market failures occur due to many reasons such as over-supply and over-consumption of demerit goods and existence of externalities. In other words a market failure occurs when there is over-supply and over-consumption of cigarettes. Moreover, production and consumption of cigarettes causes negative externalities such as air pollution and non-smokers suffer health issues from the secondhand smoke, which causes an external cost. Due to the negative externalities of consumption, the marginal private benefit is greater than the marginal social benefit. The arrow shows the difference between the marginal private benefit and the marginal social benefit where the negative externality occurs.
Increasing the minimum age of tobacco products will lead to reductions in both smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption among smokers, especially among adolescents and young adults. Access will be decreased to minors and 18-20 year olds who already smoke have to be forced to quit. In all likelihood, the majority of this population would attempt to purchase tobacco products illegally through retailer or black market channel (SB-151 Tobacco Products, n.d.).
Externalities can be either of production or consumption and positive or negative and it means that the action that is being taken affects a third party. In the case of this article regarding cigarettes, there are negative externalities of consumption as
Such negative externalities incur costs for the government e.g. breathing problems would result in an increase in health costs such as more purchasing more asthma pumps and breathing masks. Therefore an increase in the price of pollution permits would make it costly to pollute which should discourage polluting firms from polluting huge amounts. Therefore negative externalities such as breathing problems are internalised and governments’ expenditure on the health sector is reduced. Since the pollution permits create a market for buying and selling carbon permits, the government can raise funds by selling pollution permits to the industry. The revenue made could then be used to clean up the environment or compensate
Having a free market economy means that the essential goods and services such as education, food, shelter and health care are not provided as much as they should be. The main aim for any business is to make profit and public goods such street lights, public transportation and even fire services does not put in money in a business’s pocket. Since there are no government regulations, some services may be provided poorly because they cost money or rather included taxes. Products such as cigarettes and alcohol will have more attention because these products bring more wealth to a business. This means that the wealth is chosen over the less advantage who have to suffer as they are not provided their public needs and are unable to afford the high prices of the market
According to the bulletin of the World Health Organization there are almost 1 billion male and 250 million female smokers worldwide and every day an estimated 82 000 to 99 000 young people start smoking; many are children under the age of 10 and most reside in low- or middle-income countries, if this trend continues, then tobacco could kill a billion people around the world in this century. Aside from death, smoking tobacco gives of a great number of negative effects in the global community, such as it exacerbates poverty, contributes to world hunger and reduces economic productivity. Tobacco use and poverty are inextricably linked. In the article of the World Health Organization entitled “Why is tobacco a public health priority?”
In Canada, the average cigarette consumption among daily smokers had dropped from 15 cigarettes per day (GPD) in 2012 to 13.9 GPD in 2013. From 1999 to 2013, cigarette consumption has declined significantly, by more than 3 cigarettes per day. And the yearly consumption during this time period kept decreasing by 1.3% averagely (Propel, 2015). According to the statistics conducted in 2013, “average daily cigarette consumption was 15.2 for male smokers and 12.5 for female smokers, which was a statistically significant difference” (Propel, 2015, p18). Between 2012 and 2013 consumption declined greatly among males but not females.
Externalities can be defined as whenever the benefit or cost of consuming a good affects people that are not actually consuming it. They come in two forms: positive and negative externalities. Positive externality can be defined as this occurs when the consumption or production of a good causes a benefit to a third party an example can be education when people go in college because they want to get an education, probably so they can get good jobs, live happy lives, etc. But them getting an education does not just benefit them, it benefits society as well. Some may go on to invent handy products, or come up with important ideas, which everyone else will gain from.
1.1 Background Indonesia is one of the developing countries that have high levels of consumption and production of cigarette. Variation product and price cigarettes cause Indonesia has become one of the producers and consumers cigarette the largest in the world (Anies, 2006). According to the Director of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, Frans Rupang, permitting the establishment of a cigarette production is relatively easy. Now we have at least 3,800 cigarette factories, including home-based classes. The amount was the largest in the world (http://bisniskeuangan.kompas.com accessed 25 April 2015).
It affects the health of the human beings and also the environment. Despite having all these negative effects, tobacco is of great economic importance as it creates employment for the citizens. The negative effects of tobacco smoking supersede its positive contributions. Therefore, tobacco smoking should be banned. .
Smoking has become a social habit nowadays. When people around are smoking, the person practically feel like he/she should be doing the same. And this is increasing day by day in our country. Smoking tribulates almost every organ of the body. It is the leading cause of more than 443,00 deaths each year.