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Heart Rate Physiology

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Physiology of Heart Rate

Cardiovascular system generally is defined as the circulation of blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste products [1]. In addition, heart rate refers to the amount of times the heart beats per minute. The heart beats allows the blood to be pumped out of the heart and into the body supplying oxygen in order for the muscles to work or to the lungs for re-oxygenation [1]. A normal resting heart rate ranges from 60-100 beats per minute (bpm). Generally, when the heart rate is higher than 100 beats per minute (bpm) it suggests that the heart is working hard to supply blood throughout the body and this could also be an indication of a serious problem [1]. However, if the resting heart …show more content…

This deficiency is affected by many physiological functions that occur in women’s body including cardiovascular system [4]. One of the common symptoms during peri-menopause that many women face is heart palpitations. According to the Harvard Health Publications (2015), it suggests that the heart rate of women during peri menopause increases to by 8-16 beats during a hot flash [5]. Decrease in estrogen levels results in overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system which causes irregular heartbeat and heart palpitation [6]. As stated by the Australian Menopause Centre (2013), when a woman approaches menopause, the levels of estrogen produced by her endocrine system fluctuates and eventually declines which leads have a significant effect on her cardiovascular system …show more content…

The heart beats allows the blood to be pumped out of the heart and into the body supplying oxygen in order for muscles to work or for e-oxygenation in the lungs. The main control centre is the hypothalamus which allows the brain to communicate with the rest of the body through autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic (fight or flight response) which provides body with energy in stressful situations. While on the other hand, parasympathetic is the rest and digests response which calms the body down. During the stress response our body stimulates sympathetic nervous system which releases adrenaline in the bloodstream which results in increase in heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate. During menopause, women experiences irregular heart beat and heart palpitation due to decrease in estrogen levels. Lastly, the actions of thyroid hormone on certain molecular pathways in the heart will cause fluctuations in the heart

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Pacemakers are used to treat patients with heart beats that are much faster or slower than usual. These irregular heartbeats are called arrhythmias. The problem with arrhythmias is that not enough blood gets pumped through the body, which can cause fatigue, shortness of breath and even fainting. The pacemaker’s job is to help regulate the heartbeat and alleviate arrhythmias symptoms. The pacemaker regulates heartbeat by using electrical signals to cause the heart muscles to contract in constant intervals.

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All of the organs in the body maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system consisting of the heart and vessels is of vital importance. The heart pumps blood and other nutrients through the vessels to all of the other organs in the body. The heart, vessels, lungs all work together to maintain homeostasis. With out the circulatory system, no other organ could survive.

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A person may be tired with doing daily activities such as shopping, climbing stairs, or simply just walking. This happens because the heart cannot pump enough blood to supply the tissues. One of the biggest symptoms is an increased heart rate. This may feel like the heart is throbbing, or racing. This happens because the heart is trying to catch up to the pumping capacity, causing the heart to beat so much faster.

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The 12 people in the experimental group then participated in 45 minutes of exercise, with their blood pressure and heart rate being taken every five minutes; the other 12 people sat for 45 minutes. Based on the results, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures both had a dramatic increase and then decreased throughout recovery, even for the people varying in exercise intensity. The heart rate had a similar increase in measurements. However, the more intense exercises led to the higher heart rate values, while the least intense exercise actually had a decrease in values (Forjaz et al. 1998). Overall, this along with the previously discussed experiment’s results coincides with our results, particularly the blood pressure in the second experiment.

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System Salma Ewing Feb 15, 2018 The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system of the body. They are very closely related and coordinated with each other and regulate the unconscious functions of the body. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for our involuntary reactions and controls our heart beat, digestive processes, blood flow and hormone production. This means that we can’t consciously control whether our heart beats or not.

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When we do encounter a stressful period our body triggers a response to either fight or flight the situation. During the stressful situation our body quickly react in such way the put out a hormone that tell us to either speed up the heart rate, slowing

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When you have a high number of beats per minutes while your breathing, that can link to higher risks of heart attack, death, and heart disease. If you have a low pulse, or a pulse less than 60 beats, you may be in risk of bradycardia. Bradycardia is when the heart 's natural

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Horses Heart Rate Introduction This paper is about how a horse’s heart rate, along with the riders, changes from riding bareback to riding in a saddle. Riding a horse for some people is a hobby, but for others it 's their life. According to Lisa Rask, 2011-2015 “Riding was started around 4,200 BC when wild horses were often used as a source of food before people learned to train and bond with them.” Once they learned to ride horses they found out that it was a much faster way of getting around rather than just walking everywhere.

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The definite link between cancer, heart disease and hormone treatment: Estrogen Therapy (ET) such as the Bio Identical Hormone Replacement Therapy (BHRT) (commonly known as Bioidentical Hormone Therapy), or Estrogen-Progestin Therapy (EPT), are the only hormone treatments available to reduce or ease menopausal discomforts and hot flashes. However, research states that the dangers of this treatment vary from various types of cancers to an increased risk of heart disease. You will have to be cautious in gauging the benefits versus the risks involved. Consider aspects such as how long have you been on hormones or do you have a history of heart disease in your family, etc.

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The benefit of HRT at short-term is the relief of symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats, palpitation, headaches and lower urinary tract problems, depression, sleep difficulties, mood changes and psychological symptoms (low concentration, difficulty to make a decision, deficiency of memory and loss of confidence). One of the most important long-term benefits of HRT is the prevention of osteoporosis and the fractures in elderly women by helping to the bone strength (as shown in Figure 2 below) which is affected due to woman's body produces less estrogen during and after menopause. Another benefit of long-term HRT is to decrease risk of cardiovascular diseases; this is argued by Swartz (1992) who states that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) reduced by 50% the incidents of cardiovascular disease. As shown in Figure 3 below, estrogen reduces the plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase the plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), reducing the probability of heart diseases. Although the benefits of hormone replacement are numerous and significant for women’s life style, there are some side effects that should be considered before start the

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Transitional Life Event - Menopause Menopause is a natural and important part of every woman 's life. As the body makes the transition from fertile to infertile it can bring about a variety of emotions, fear, anguish, doom and in some cases happiness for this life transition. Common symptoms are wide and varied, and can include hot flashes and night sweats, difficulty in sleeping, headaches, mood changes, palpitations, joint stiffness, anxiety, depression - and even memory and concentration lapses (Lister ,2016). Integrating Ellis’s Rationale Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) The premise of the REBT theory is that it is the beliefs that we hold that cause irrational negative responses.

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In this regard, cardiovascular response to exercise occurs with changes in heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure/arterial pressure,

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The estradiol is greatly decreased and eventually uterine bleeding stops and woman is clinically termed menopausal women (De Masters, 2000). The menopause is otherwise called as change of woman’s life. It happens when the ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone hormones. Postmenopausal woman referred as a women did not have period for 12 months or one year (Lowdermilk and Perri, 2004; Xu et al, 2005). 3.2

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Eat a well balanced nutritious diet take supplements, and exercise 30 minutes most days of the week (Sood, 2014). Three months follow up appointment: Patient reports that her night sweats and hot flashes have improved slightly and her urogenital discomfort is moderate at best. An increase in the dosages of her oral combination hormone therapy, low-dose local estrogen therapy is added to her established oral regimen ( Sood, 2014).

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