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How Did Kenneth Clark Influence Social Psychology

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Kenneth Clark was born on July 24, 1914. He earned a PhD in psychology from Colombia in 1940. Clark designed and tested an experiment known as the “Doll Test”. Children between the ages of five to seven were asked to choose one out four dolls, each of a different race, identify the race of each doll, and chose what color doll they prefer. At the time of the experiment segregation was happening, this play a crucial part in Clarks conclusion at the end of the experiment. He concluded that the self-esteem of African –American Children was negatively affected and a sense of inadequacy was created as a result of segregation. Solomon Asch , a gestalt and social psychologist , was born in September 14, 1907 in Warsaw. He then migrated to the United States in 1920. Asch received a PhD from Colombia , while studying there he was mentored by gestalt psychologist , Wolfgang Kohler. He became famous for the Asch Conformity experiments, which still influences social …show more content…

He received a bachelor’s in political science from Queens College and received a PhD in social psychology from Harvard University. Milgram worked as a research assistant to Solomon Asch and was influence by Ashs’ conformity experiment. In 1961 he began to conduct the obedience experiment. He wondered how far person would go when ordered by an authority figure to hurt another person even if it was against their beliefs. The participant, also known as the “teacher” , had to administer shocks to the “learner” each time the learner was wrong as well as increase the shock voltage. The shock machine had increasing voltages , the third button on the machine labeled as Danger: Severe shock and the last feature three x’s. This lead the teacher to believe that they were administering high voltages of pain when in all actuality the learner was an actor. Milgram concluded that 65% of the participants continued with the experiment until the very

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“Father of Black Psychology”, what is the first thing that come to mind to the sound of this title? Francis Cecil Sumner was often refer as Father of Black Psychology as he was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. Francis was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, December 7, 1895; Second son of David Alexander and Ellen Lilian. His older brother name was Eugene Sumner.

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Although it took some time for both of their careers to take off, especially considering they were both African American and highly accomplished as far as their education, Mamie Phipps and her husband worked together to found the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem, New York. One of the first and well known experiments they commenced together was called “The Clark Doll Test”. This experiment exemplifies the negative effects of racial segregation on children. In this experiment, a group of children were shown two dolls – Black and White – other than their color, these dolls were identical in every other way. After showing the children these dolls, the Clarks asked a sequence of questions such as: which doll they considered to be “nice”, which doll they would prefer to play with, which one they would consider to be a “bad doll” and what would have been most significant, which doll looked most like the child.

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Clark went to Scott Branch School, where he met with sixteen black students ranging from ages six to nine. He performed an experiment involving four dolls; two boys and two girls, two were pink, and two were brown, signifying black and whites. Clark took the students one by one and told them to do these things: “Give me the white doll”.” “Give me the colored doll.” “Give me the Negro doll.”

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Firstly, in order for Milgram’s experiment to work the people had to obey and do what the researchers told them to do. The definition of obedience defined in the book is, “...a compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. ”(Schaefer, 103) This is exactly what happened in the experiment.

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The doll studies of Mamie and Kenneth B. Clark greatly supported the effects of segregation on African American children, which they used dolls to study the children 's attitudes about race. Their findings were inline with what Prosser was attempting to prove; ultimately African American children did better in segregated schools rather than integrated. In the doll studies it was found that there were contrasts among African American children attending versus those in integrated schools. There was a clear preference for the white doll among all children in their study and helped expose internalized racism in African American children as well as

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This Milgram research on respect to authority figures was a series of cultural science experiments conducted by Yale University scientist Stanley Milgram in 1961. They assessed the willingness of survey participants, men from a different variety of jobs with varying degrees of training, to obey the authority figure who taught them to do acts conflicting with their personal conscience. Participants were led to think that they were helping an unrelated research, in which they had to distribute electrical shocks to the individual. These fake electrical shocks gradually increased to grades that could have been deadly had they been true. McLeod's article about the Milgram experiment exposed the fact that a high percentage of ordinary people will

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In the 1950’s segregation was a major issue throughout all facets of society in the United States. One major part of society which was majorly affected by segregation was education. The only schools African Americans were allowed to go to were all black and the conditions were horrible. Some families tried enrolling their children in the public white schools and all were rejected. One brave family fought against the unfair segregation their child was facing and petitioned it to the court; this was known as the Brown vs Board of Education case.

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His experiment was used to demonstrate how people respond to orders from people with authority no matter what the order was. He started by having participants test another “participant”, who actually was one of Milgram’s men who knew what was going on. Each time the fake participant chose the wrong answer, the real participant had to shock them with a higher voltage until they got to one that would be deadly. Milgram changed parts of the experiment to find variables that changed how far the real participant would go. He noticed that location and experimenter’s dress apparel changes how likely it is that the real participant would go to the deadly voltage.

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There are many ways to find out how individuals would react in certain situations, for example, by putting individuals in a simulation. Causing stress and discomfort to individuals in order to gain knowledge is at times necessary. For example, Stanley Milgram’s experiments which focus on obedience to authority and the extent a person is willing to ignore their own ethical beliefs and cause pain to another individual, just because he is ordered to do so. Stanley Milgram writes about his experiments and results in his article “The Perils of Obedience”. In his experiments Stanley Milgram causes subjects who have volunteered to be a part of them some stress and discomfort in order to receive relevant results.

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While arguably one of the defining psychological studies of the 20th Century, the research was not without flaws. Almost immediately the study became a subject for debate amongst psychologists who argued that the research was both ethically flawed and its lack of diversity meant it could not be generalized. Ethically, a significant critique of the experiment is that the participants actually believed they were administering serious harm to a real person, completely unaware that the learner was in fact acting. Although Milgram argued that the illusion was a necessary part of the experiment to study the participants’ reaction, they were exposed to a highly stressful situation. Many were visibly distraught throughout the duration of the test

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The Milgram experiment was conducted to analyze obedience to authority figures. The experiment was conducted on men from varying ages and varying levels of education. The participants were told that they would be teaching other participants to memorize a pair of words. They believed that this was an experiment that was being conducted to measure the effect that punishment has on learning, because of this they were told they had to electric shock the learner every time that they answered a question wrong. The experiment then sought out to measure with what willingness the participants obeyed the authority figure, even when they were instructed to commit actions which they seemed uncomfortable with.

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Name : Muhammed Irshad Madonna ID : 250509 Subject : Medical Ethics Due Date : 8/01/2018 Paper : 1-The Milgram Experiment The Stanley Milgram Experiment is a famous study about obedience in psychology which has been carried out by a Psychologist at the Yale University named, Stanley Milgram. He conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. In July 1961 the experiment was started for researching that how long a person can harm another person by obeying an instructor.

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He had also hired actors to dress as doctors and instruct the ordinary people to shock the other person if they failed to answer correctly. Each time the person answered a question wrong the voltage would increase. Milgram told his subjects that the experiment would

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It showed how normal civilians acted when they were given authority over others. Even the most cordial, intelligent people can take on an evil, machiavellianistic nature when introduced to a dominant role in an individualized setting. This experiment taught psychologists so many things about human behavior and the prison system. It is an event that is taught in classrooms all over the world. While some people question the ethics of the experiment, it paved the way for more understanding as well as the reform of psychological practices

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Alfred Adler was born in Vienna on February 7, 1870. He studied Medicine at the University of Vienna and he graduated in 1895. In 1898, he began to practice as an ophthalmologist, although he soon replaced this specialty with general medicine, then with neurology, and finally, he opted for psychiatry (in fact, he is considered the first child psychiatrist). At first, he was attending the Psychological Society on Wednesday at Sigmund Froid 's house, but soon he turned away from the ideas of the famous psychologist (Adler didn 't think that mental problems always had their origin in sexual trauma, as Freud did). He founded Individual psychology and wrote books about it and about his theory of personality (topics that I am going to talk about

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