Annotated Bibliography on Solitary Confinement Cheril L. Hall American InterContinental University CRJS405 Research Methods for Criminal Justice Solitary Confinement and Mental Health An issue we have in the correctional system is solitary confinement & mental health. Solitary confinement is the practice of confining a person that is incarcerated to a small cell for around twenty-two to twenty-three hours of the day without any social contact. The problem with solitary confinement is that it is either being done to someone that is weak minded or to someone for an extended period of time.
Incapacitation refers to removing an offender’s capacity to commit further criminal offences (Carison et al). Incapacitation focuses on two approaches, selective and collective. Selective incapacitation is reserved for repeat offenders. It has emerged from the ideal that the overall crime rate would be reduced if chronic
However, instead of focusing on the choices of the individual offender, incapacitation is more concerned with the protection of society. Unlike deterrence theory or rehabilitation, incapacitation does not rest on a particular theory of human nature.” Reducing opportunities for crime shifts the focus from the motivation or causes of the criminal behavior to the situations that are conducive to crime. Thus incapacitation has less to do with attempts to alter the criminal’s internal motivations or the societally induced circumstances that allegedly cause her/his criminal conduct than with removing the criminal from potential situations of opportunity for
Imprisonment should have a deterrent effect as believed by the Quakers, but most importantly, it should serve as a function of reforming and rehabilitating the imprisoned individuals as well. From the 1940’s to the 1960’s, rehabilitation of offenders came into more light, at least in concept. It was a major goal in the system of how incarceration and other forms of corrections should be viewed. Between the 1970’s and the 1980’s, there was a reappearance of retributivism, or the ‘justice model’, which argues that wrongdoers are responsible for their acts, and therefore they deserve to be punished if they violate the law. The United States is also composing a utilitarian model to deal with crime and criminality.
The scramble of Africa is typically considered as one of the most striking outbursts of imperialism. This sets the stage for Europe’s power as an imperial state. After the abolishment of slave trade, trade through numerous materials and resources brought economic prosperity to the region. The European quest for empire was due to the want of domination and exploitation of Africa’s natural resources. This conquest of Africa is used for the betterment of Europe’s economic and political benefit.
Withholding or restricting personal liberty, which is essentially what incarceration is, was considered significant payment for a crime.mThe time served in incarceration was proportional to the severity of the crime committed. The United States quickly followed in England and France's footsteps, adopting the enlightenment concept of restricting personal liberty while also adding in their religious views. In this process, the U.S. established penitentiaries, and incarcerated individuals became penitents who were serving time for their sins.
Incapacitation is used by depriving the offender to commit crimes by imprisonment, probation, or house arrest. All three of those categories are used daily in United States. I do think punishment is more beneficial for United States to use. People are very dangerous
More people get incarcerated for non-violent crimes and crimes caused by mental illnesses or drug abuse (Webb, 2009) and because these people get put in regular prisons, instead of in mental health facilities or facilities to help against drug addiction, where they could be treated to further prevent crimes driven by their illness (Webb, 2009), the prisons get overfilled and cannot hold the more ‘important’ prisoners that needed to be locked away from the public. A strong link of the criminal justice process is that the system tries to keep it fair for everyone. Every defendant has the right to an attorney so they can be defended properly and fairly and “Only judges who are adequately informed about a case can effectively control the proceedings and examine evidence” (Tochilovsky, 2002) It is also important for the criminal justice system that those involved show discretion and although this is not always the case, discretion by the judges, police, etc.
Instead of following classical criminology’s form of punishment, specific deterrence. The punishment must be severe in order to overcome the pleasure and benefits from committing the crime. Although in this case, the inmates’ health will remain the same or
Further, how can we incarcerate or execute them, and respect them, at the same time? This paper seeks to answer some of these questions. Primarily, it argues that there can be a simultaneous right to punish and to resist, and that acknowledging this right to resist means giving respect to criminals. It consists of four sections. Section one shows how,
They advocate for narrowing down the gap between incarcerated life and free life. This theory favors indeterminate sentence and provided a ground for development of the philosophy of rehabilitation-a modern philosophy of incarceration. As the causes of criminality lie in biological, psychological or social conditions, the offenders should be treated, rather
However, crimes are committed whilst in prison, such as drugs and assaults. Some critics say the ‘three strikes and you are out’ law where repeat offenders get a longer sentence are wrong, as the third strike could be a lesser crime such as public disorder. Nevertheless, if just incapacitation and no rehabilitation some critics say will be costlier to society as they will go out and reoffend and, they are not employed and pay taxes. Rehabilitation is also a punishment which should improve the offender's behaviour and stop them committing crimes. Advocates of rehabilitation state prison does not work; however, critics of rehabilitation state prison does work as the criminal cannot commit a crime against the public while incarcerated (Cavadino, 2007 p 36/56).
In the criminal justice system, the corrections component is also responsible for the rehabilitation of the convicted individual. It is their duty to attempt to make the defendant a productive member of society once again. Based on the individual’s behavior while incarcerated, the court and corrections officials may decide to place them on parole, which ensures that the individual will comply with the rules of society once they are fully released from the system. The criminal justice system is an essential role in the organizational structure of not only the United States but also in countries around the world. If there were no criminal justice system to administer punishment, the world would be unstructured, disorganized, unjustified, cruel, and not to mention a chaotic place for it citizens.
Incarceration refers to the constitutional deprivation of an offender the capacity to commit crimes by detaining them in prisons. The United States has the highest incarceration rate of any free nation. The U.S incarcerates five times more people than the United Kingdom, nine times more than Germany and twelve times more than Japan (Collier, 2014, p.56). Incarceration has several objectives. One of these is to keep persons suspected of committing a crime under secure control before a court of competent jurisdiction determines whether they are guilty or innocent.
There is a worldwide trend in the use of penal imprisonment for serious offenses as capital punishment has been renounced by an increasing number of countries. Harsh punishments include capital punishment, life imprisonment and long-term incarceration. These forms of punishments are usually used against serious crimes that are seen as unethical, such as murder, assault and robbery. Many people believe that harsher punishments are more effective as they deter would-be criminals and ensure justice is served. Opposition towards harsh punishments have argued that harsher punishments does not necessarily increase effectiveness because they do not have a deterrent effect, do not decrease recidivism rates and do not provide rehabilitation.
