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Innate Immune Response Essay

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1. As a child, you decide to ignore your mother’s advice and walk in a construction area bare-foot. To your chagrin, you step on a rusty nail and sustain a localized infection. Please describe, in detail, the immune response that develops (both innate and adaptive) after this injury. You may include flowcharts and sketches, if it is helpful. (15 pts) There are three parts of the immune system that consist of the body’s natural barriers, the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response. The skin and mucosal surfaces form barriers against infection. When bacteria enters through a break in the natural barrier of the skin, it is first introduced to antimicrobial peptides under the surface of the skin that is supposed to kill bacteria, …show more content…

If a person has an immunodeficiency, the innate immune response helps to slow the spread of infection while calling on white blood cells, also known as lymphocytes, …show more content…

The adaptive immune response adapts to the infecting pathogen. For adaptive immunity, there is a difference in the way lymphocytes recognize pathogens. During infection, only lymphocytes that have receptors that recognize that specific pathogen are selected to participate in the adaptive immune response. These pathogen-specific lymphocytes then undergo what is called clonal selection and expansion to proliferate and differentiate to become effector lymphocytes. Some lymphocytes selected during the adaptive immune response provides long term immunological memory to prevent later infection from the same pathogen, consequently eliciting a stronger and faster response. The adaptive immune response includes lymphocytes that go through clonal selection and expansion. This is because only cells with receptors for the specific pathogen that causes infection will be selected to play a role in the adaptive immune response. While dendritic cells focus on activating naive T-cells, macrophages are responsible for removing pathogen and their breakdown products from the afferent lymph that arrives from the site of infection. The macrophage-mediated lymph filtration is as critical as it efficient because it prevents infectious

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This eliminates the infected cell" before it has time to multiply. (Alberts, B. 1970) 2. Your immune system is constantly working to fight off foreign invaders. The body recognizes its own cells from foreign cells by protein markers or antigens. As the B and T cells form the can tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells.

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Elizabeth Barron  Winters OA  April 17, 2017  Case study 2  Immunological malfunction  Question 1  IgA is a monomer in plasma and is a dimer in mucus, tears, intestinal secretions and milk. Its function is to prevent pathogens from penetrating underlying tissues and sticking to epithelia.   IgD is a transmembrane protein of B cells and its function is to help the activation of B Cells by antigens.   IgE is a transmembrane protein of basophils and mast cells, its function is to simulate the release of histamine and other inflammation mediators.   IgG is the circulating antibodies in blood plasma, it is secreted in the secondary immune response.

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The host's response to infection is inflammation. An interaction between parasite and host, whereby the relationship is beneficial for the former but detrimental to the latter, is characterized as parasitism.

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Once innate immunity has seemed to fail, adaptive immunity sets in. Adaptive immunity is the body’s defense against a specific pathogen. One protein that A. schmiddy has is known as the Opa protein which, in short, inhibits the T Helper cells. Opa proteins inhibits T Helper cells (CD4+ cells) so antigens presented on MCHII is not recognized so B cells are not activated and cytokines are not released. Therefore, TH1, TH2, and TH17 are not activated, resulting in macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils not being recruited.

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Nevertheless, this chapter did an exceptional job of explaining the function of the immune system as well as the effect of HIV on the immune system. The immune system has two main functions; to limit the amount of virus made then to clear the virus from the host. This process starts with the crucial ability to discriminate between foreign antigens and the body’s own proteins which is allows the immune system to only attack the virus that has infected the body. Initially upon infection, the immune system responds quickly in ways nonspecific to the particular virus at hand, employing natural killer lymphoid cells and phagocytic macrophages to surround then engulf the virus as well as proteins called complement factors that

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The first stage occurs in the first week after the inhalation of the TB mycobacterium. "The droplet nuclei traverse the mouth or nasal passages, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to reach the alveoli of the lungs. "(1) The Mycobacterium tuberculosis begins to surrounded by special cells of the immune system, called macrophage, after it reaches the alveoli of the lung. These macrophages sit inside the tissue of the alveoli; their job is to ingestion and obstruct any strange object coming to the alveolar space.

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This accelrated blood flow enables enables lymph to moved throughout the body more effeitnly than it normally does. Lymp is an immune system fluid that helps to gather and get rid of unwanted substances from the body. As such when lymph gets ciruclated throughout the body at a much faster rate, it essnetally boosts the immune system and makes it more cpapable of fighiing colds and

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Gram-negative bacteria contain a layer of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) When the bacteria enters the body, the LPS triggers the body’s immune response. The body recognises a cytokine reaction from the bacteria which is toxic to the body and responds by inflaming the tissues and blood vessels. The certain cells used against the bacteria Bordetella Pertussis include innate and specific defenses, but the defensive antigens have not been exclusively identified. Explain how the disease can be treated.

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Introduction: The immune system is an important part of the human body. This system protects the human body against diseases. These normal protections sometimes could cause hurtful reactions in the host. These reactions are known as hypersensitivity reactions (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) where pathological immune reaction occur as a result of continues exposure to an antigen.

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Three ways that Both the B and T cells are similar are that the cells of a flexible immune system. Both are lymphocytes or white blood cells produced in bone marrow but maturation takes place in different lymphoid organs. They are also similar in producing clones since one clone requires a large number of plasma, short lived cells that fight the same antigen by producing antibodies while the second clone is mainly about memory cells, long lived cells that bear receptors for the same antigen as well. Moreover, they both take the role of fighting infection the B and T cell have their own specific toxic they take care of. Some differences between B and T cells are as follows the principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against toxins,

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The immune system is the most important system in the human body because it protects the body from strange objects, such as viruses, bacterium, and germs. Unfortunately, sometimes the immune system becomes overactive and attacks different areas of the body, such as the lungs, joints, heart, blood, skin, kidney, or brain, which are a healthy area in the body. This overactive of the immune system can lead to many diseases, known as autoimmune diseases. These autoimmune include many diseases, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis, rheumatic fever, lupus, Addison’s and celiac disease. Lupus is one of the most common autoimmune diseases.

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As a medical assistant or practitioner it part of our job to help maintain a safe and healthy clinical office for coworkers and for patients. When understanding how to keep our clinical environment clean we demonstrate comprehension on how infections may be transmitted from person to person. A way to understand how infection are transmitted is understanding the five major types of infectious agents. The reservoir host is the beginning of what makes up the cycle of infection.

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To Vaccinate or Not Vaccinations save lives and minimize disease epidemics year after year. “More than 732,000 children’s lives have been saved in the past 20 years due to routine vaccinations, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition, 322 million cases of kids getting sick were prevented” (Vaccination Has Saved 732,000 Children's Lives Since 1994, pp 1). There are currently 28 diseases that are avoidable through immunizations according to the article “Discussing Vaccination With Concerned Patients”. Widespread diseases have decreased to a minimum because of vaccinations.

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The skin is made up of three layers and all the layers have a key role in acting as the defense. The outermost layer which is the epidermis is an actively regenerating layer. This layer keeps on growing and differentiating to maintain the pH and moisture content. The epidermis does not work alone in keeping the skin healthy.

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Immunity is when a person is in a state of being resistant to a particular pathogen. The two types of defense are innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the defenses present at birth and always present to protect us against diseases. Innate immunity does not have a memory response but helps to prevent microbes from gaining access to the body and helps to eliminate those that enter the body. An example of the first line of defense is intact skin and an example of the second line of defense is fever.

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