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Jugaad Innovation: Annotated Bibliography

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1) The first article we found is “Jugaad Innovation: the businesses getting creative in the face of scarcity” by Gardiner. The main topic of this article is frugal innovation, widespread in developing countries, and how western companies could benefit from it. It enables companies to cut costs and make affordable products. Frugal innovation is not only a way for western companies to reach emerging countries but also western markets as in times of recession, the demand for affordability grows in the western countries. By adopting frugal innovation, western companies would still sell quality products, and they would reinvent processes from design to distribution. (See Gardiner, 2013). We chose The Guardian as it is distinguished by its seriousness, …show more content…

Distinctions by entry visa” by Jennifer Hunt used data from the 2003 National Survey of College Graduates and investigated if immigrants were likely to increase and boost US productivity and innovation. Using the data, the author created graphs with which she deducted that immigrants with temporary work visas or student visas outperform natives and that they are more likely to start successful companies. She also deducted that firms, universities and teaching hospitals are the most successful in attracting and selecting immigrants engaged in activities likely to increase US productivity and innovation. (See J Hunt, 2009)
This article is relevant to our research question as it shows us that immigrants with a temporary study or work visa tend to boost US productivity and innovation, by entering American firms, universities and teaching hospitals. It hence answers to our research question by reaffirming that yes, some skilled immigrants from emerging countries do stimulate US …show more content…

(2014). Africa’s mobile boom powers innovation economy. Available at http://www.bbc.com/news/business-28061813 [Accessed 22 Sep. 2014]

Chellaraj, G., Maskus, K.E. and Mattoo, A. (2008). The Contribution of Skilled Immigration And International Graduate Students to U.S. Innovation, Review of International Economics, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp 444-462. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=744625 [Accessed Aug. 2008]

Hunt, J. and Gauthier-Loiselle, M. (2010). How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation?, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp 31-56. Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w14312.pdf [Accessed 27 Sep. 2014]

Hunt, J. (2009). Which immigrants are most innovative and entrepreneurial? Distinctions by entry visa, The Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 29 , No. 3 , pp 417-457. Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w14920.pdf [Accessed 28 Sep. 2014]

Kerr, W.R. (2013). U.S. High-Skilled Immigration, Innovation, and entrepreneurship: empirical approaches and evidence. Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w19377.pdf [Accessed 30 sep.

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In Eduardo Porter’s work titled “The Danger From Low-Skilled Immigrants: Not Having Them,” he observes what low-skilled immigrants bring to the United States and what we would come to be without them. The United States is more dependent on low-skilled immigrants than it thinks; they are the behind the scenes doing the jobs you do not see, like picking crops and washing dishes at restaurants. They have bettered the lives of Americans not just by filling the employment hole, but also in the working field and academic field. In the work environment, a large number of people and businesses owe their success to low-skilled immigrants for their cheap labor, which heightens economic output. This group of people work for highly little money and the

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Ehrenreich asks the question: “Whoops-weren’t we supposed to be the innovators?”(609). Is that because of outsourcing? Or is it because we’ve given other countries the tools to rise to our level? The US has been the center of innovation and research for years. We had Hollywood and Wall Street, Las Vegas and ______, but now it’s Bollywood and London, Macao and ______.

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If businesses are booming, it is also good for the economy.” Immigrants tend to work harder, and for less, than the average American. They strive to better their lives in comparison to how they lived in their former countries. The United States utilizes this in their favor economically since immigrants contribute to businesses as well as pay taxes. Culturally, immigrants are what make America such a diverse nation today.

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In a way, the economies of developing countries depend on immigrant labor. As said before, In communities, immigrants create demand for small businesses, which strengthen the economy. Immigrant businesses have also played a significant role in advancing technological innovation and which improves the economy. Many major so-called American companies were started by immigrants, such as Tesla, Apple, and Google which all made major improvements in technology, increasing economy rates (Cain,

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Legal immigrants come to our nation for Silicon Valley and the Research Triangle Park, which makes the United States an even more “wanted” place to be. Some of the immigrants that flock here become a key founder in U.S tech or engineering start-ups. Roemer states in his article, “ As researchers at Duke and the University of California at Berkeley showed in 2007, 25 percent of U.S tech and engineering start-ups between 1995-2005 had one or more immigrant key founders, whose companies collectively generated an estimated $52 billion in 2005 sales and created nearly 450,000 jobs.” Overall, America has a great impact on people’s life inside and outside of the country. People from the outside of the United States, most likely immigrants, are looking for work to do and this nation does a tremendous job at giving them the chance to find it here.

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In this article, the professor addressed the problems that immigration brought to America's economy. While he acknowledges some benefits that immigrants brought to America, he noted some negative effects that immigration brought in as well. He addressed that as immigrants come into the United States, the wage for workers drops. As more immigrants come in, the supply of workforce increased. Based on the supply demand curve, the more supply one gets, the higher chance that the economy will have a surplus and a decrease in wage.

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Every year millions of people move to the US for employment opportunities and to seek a better future for their families. They came here with new ideas, new inventions and start up

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In addition, Government regulating the immigration in the United States will help the entrepreneur from different countries to come start up with own business in the States. Whereby it will help reduce the rate of unemployment and increase the rate of employment. This idea

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McCready (2017) believes that companies founded by immigrants didn’t just add money to the economy, but they also created many jobs. While getting a higher education, many immigrants get new ideas, patents and make life-changing discoveries, as in 2016, all six Nobel Prize winners for America were immigrants. Furthermore, according to a poll by Quinnipiac

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Immigrants help the economy by starting a small business like a local authentic restaurant. Studies show immigrants help because they start businesses like they state in this article ”Immigrants increase economic efficiency by reducing labor shortages in low- and high-skilled markets because their educational backgrounds fill holes in the native-born labor market. However, the share of immigrants in the U.S. workforce has declined since its 1991 peak. Increased immigration would expand the American workforce, and encourage more business start-ups”(Diana 1) They also make services like cleaning, gardening or nannies.

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This opinion has a number of errors to it. In this regard, it does not take into account the rise in labor demand that occurs due to the immigration (Borjas, 23). The demand for labor is acquired from another area, meaning that it is acquired from the demand for final result. The immigrants offer labor to a wide range of markets. On the other hand, though, the immigrants acquire labor income that is directed to the purchase of products and services produced in the local economy.

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In Economic and Social Impact of Immigrants Stephen Moore is arguing that immigrants and refugees contribute positively to the American Economy. He conveys this through the use of surveys, data, and facts from multiple sources. In the second paragraph he took a 1986 survey that concluded that a lot of foreigners achieved success in this country in difficult positions such as engineering and entrepreneurship. Two separate studies’ discussed in the sixth and seventh paragraphs dispel common beliefs that immigrants take jobs away from natural born citizens. The studies concluded that the exact opposite of popular opinion, immigrants in fact benefitted the economy for employers, employees, and the US economic position.

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Abstract Immigration can impose several positive and negative effects on the United States. Examples of positive effects include improving the job market and stimulating the economy. While two negative effects are the increased demand for public services and the possibility of overcrowding in cities. Immigration affects the economy because it generates tax revenue and there are more people spending money in our economy. Immigration helps the job market because it fills entry level positions that native workers may not want and it can bring more manufacturing jobs back to the United States.

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Immigrants have made significant impacts on all fields of science, revolutionized inventing, and played an essential role in making America into the global superpower that it is today. “It (immigration) has contributed greatly to developing the spirit of personal betterment in American society and to strengthening the national confidence in change and the future”(Kennedy). Immigration has significantly influenced one of the main American priorities; striving for

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Same with the previous research, this analysis finds no significant effect of immigration on net job growth for native-born workers. This suggests that the economy absorbs immigrants by expanding job opportunities rather than by displacing native-born workers in the United States. Moreover, the work force, like the economy, is not fixed and static. The U.S economy itself is dynamic, fluctuating, and creates hundreds of new jobs every

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