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Knowledge And Shared Knowledge

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Recommended: Relationship between personal and shared knowledge

Attempting to separate whether shared knowledge shapes personal knowledge or personal knowledge shapes shared knowledge, would be like trying to decipher which came first; the chicken or the egg. It's a cycle with no clear beginning or end that can end in an infinite spiral of possibilities. Attempting to understand the separate terms will show just how intertwined they really are. Personal knowledge, also known as knowledge by acquaintance is defined as the knowledge possessed by an individual, which is generally gathered through either observation or personal, first-hand experiences. Shared knowledge is typically referred to as a highly structured and systematic product of gathered knowledge from more than one individual. Shared knowledge …show more content…

However to what extent is the personal knowledge gathered a valid source of knowledge? And how do reason and perception influence our understanding of shared knowledge? The question of whether the act of turning shared knowledge into personal knowledge is reliable, accurate or beneficial will also be posed. Even though shared knowledge may create distorted and false personal knowledge and decision making, the act of interpreting and presumably most important, understanding such shared knowledge would allow us to construct decent and valid personal knowledge in both the natural and social sciences. How can personal knowledge be shaped through shared knowledge? How does reason and perception influence personal knowledge gathered from shared knowledge? From my own experiences I can say that through my understandings of how a free market system works, how different factors in the economy inevitably influence various stakeholders, it has made me …show more content…

These actions can lead to hasty generalizations and misinterpretations. An example of one bold and rather irrational strategy is Edward Jenner’s experiment in 1796, on an eight-year-old boy in order to find a vaccine for smallpox. He injected the eight-year-old boy first with cowpox pustule into an incision on the boys arm. He was attempting to test his theory, drawn from a folklore of the countryside. Due to, mainly, luck and chance, he concluded that the boy was immune to the smallpox disease when he injected him with the smallpox virus. This experiment would have great ethical consequences now a days, but shows to what extremes some scientists would go. Nevertheless, his personal knowledge helped shape the shared knowledge of medicine, which in turn influenced the understanding of other scientists such as the English physician Edward Ballard who, based on other scientific observations at that time, was able to feed off of the shared knowledge pool and was able to increase the potency of vaccinations over

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In all learning aspects of my life, I live by the principle that the exchange of knowledge insinuates a mutual growth. As people assist each other in developing personal experiences, they both growth in the

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In order to research the theory of cancerous cells being infectious, two scientists traveled to an Ohio maximum security prison to conduct several experiments on prisoners. This testing involved taking the HeLa cells, and injecting the prisoners, to observe possible reactions. Despite the fact that the prisoners were informed of the risks, this experimentation was conducted intentionally to cause disease in another human being. This theory, however, was disproved as an infectious cancer because none of the test subjects developed full blown cancer.

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This is because the scientists understand that the people cannot defend themselves and doctors can exploit them with no problems. For example, Southam choose cancer patients to test his hypothesis of cancer being caused by virus. Cancer patients are in a position where they have normalized constant tests being performed on them, therefore it did not seem out of the ordinary for their “immune systems” to be tested. Also, these patients are going through a traumatic process and are extremely ill, therefore this doctor patient trust is vital. After Southam determined that sick people reacted to the cancerous cells, he decided to mobilize his experiments to healthy people.

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In fact, the men were not provided enough information to properly consent to the experiment. Even when the cure for syphilis was discovered in 1947, researchers did not offer the medication to their subjects. Consequently, researchers abused their powers by recruiting test subjects that were unaware of the real purpose of their study. In this scenario, the medical knowledge of the researchers gave them power and an unjust advantage over their ignorant subjects. Researchers proved their corruption when this study, originally projected to last only 6 months, lasted instead for 40

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Scientific experiments can have little significance. Others can change lives. In Daniel Keyes’ 1966 novel Flowers for Algernon, Charlie Gordon partakes in an experiment designed to increase his intelligence. However, the experiment ends up failing. In Robert Louis Stevenson’s

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Moreover, this concept constitutes the base for defining the four stages in the knowledge creation process: socialization; the process that transfers tacit knowledge from one person to tacit knowledge in another person, externalization; the process for making tacit knowledge explicit among individuals within a group, combination; the knowledge transfer once knowledge is explicit, finally, internalization; the process of understanding and absorbing explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge held by the individual (Googlecom, 2018). So, for the sake of this investigation, it shall focus on whether in the initial stage: socialization, both consensus and disagreements are required for robust

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Biss did her research and look up the history behind the development of vaccinations. Learning that with the vaccination, we actually exposed ourselves to the virus we are teaching just so the white blood cells of our body learns how to destroy

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Medical studies today have many benefits — from research to observe diseases and conditions, to experiments to discover cures for deadly ailments — which ultimately aid the public’s health and well-being. However, not even a century ago, rules and protocol that helped run tests safely did not exist. The “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male” shaped the foundation of modern medical ethics that protect people involved in clinical trials today. The Tuskegee Experiment lasted for forty years, from 1932 to 1972 (“The Tuskegee Timeline”).

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Plato said, “Human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, and knowledge.” In The Island of Doctor Moreau, Doctor Moreau attempts to create new breed of life by combining animals and humans through vivisection, for which reason he was shamed by London, even by some of his science colleagues. However, some persons may have been turned off by the idea, but like another character in Wells’ novel, Edward Prendick disagreed but does nothing to stop the procedure, refusing to act against vivisection. This paper will explain the attitude held by some nineteenth century thinkers that humans should not experiment on humans without reason to believe it is going to help humanity.

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This approach would allow researchers to test possible cures on animals before administering them to humans. This technique protects people from the possible fatal side effects. This process would become highly sought after as it helped in providing several medications that would control, prevent or cure many diseases. One might suggest that animal testing is cruel or unjust, but it is precisely the opposite. Animal testing must continue due to many associated

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Many debilitating diseases and conditions have been cured and prevented using vaccinations that were tested on animals. For example, Emil von Behring performed an experiment on guinea pigs that helped form the vaccine for diphtheria (Soft Schools). The significance of this experiment helped von Behring earn a Nobel Prize in Physiology (Soft Schools). Following von Behring’s findings, Edgar Adrian used frogs to confirm the specific way that the brain sends signals to different parts of the body (Soft Schools). Advancements in the understanding of diabetes, tuberculosis, and polio, along with the formation of anesthetics all were successful with the help of animal testing (Soft Schools).

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Once the child recovered from the cowpox disease, Jenner then tried to infect the child with smallpox, but the young man proved to be immune. “It seemed that this attempt at vaccination had worked. But Jenner had to work on for two more years before his discovery was considered sufficiently tested by the medical profession to permit widespread introduction.” (Alexander, 2003). Beginning in 1831 and ending in 1835, due to increasing vaccination, smallpox deaths were down to one in a thousand.

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The theory explains how an individual gathered knowledge from the experiences he/she encounters and how these experiences transform into knowledge. This theory gives emphasize that different experiences of people can create different knowledge which can be use in their daily lives. Theoretical Knowledge Vs. Practical Knowledge Education plays important role in order for an individual to survive in everyday life. However knowledge came from two way; theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge.

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With reference two areas of knowledge discus the way in which shared knowledge can shape personal knowledge. Personal knowledge is something that one individual person know or “what I know”, whereas the shared knowledge is associated with a group of people or what we know”. The personal knowledge consist of one perspective or knowledge about our-self or very personal opinion. Furthermore, authority or certain groups of people who have power to make decisions are the ones who form shard knowledge.

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