According to Central Connecticut State University’s study, America’s Most Literate Cities (2013), San Antonio received a ranking of 73rd out of the 77 total cities in overall literary skills. The study bases its categorization of the cities centered on the following criteria- bookstores, residents’ educational attainment, newspaper circulation, use of online resources, the library system, as well as periodical publishing resources. While the study does not use reading test scores in their criteria, they base the score on the “reading culture” as opposed to a reading score. Lack of literacy skills or illiteracy have negative consequences in both areas of health and economy (Hall, Gee, & Mills, 2016). These fiscal consequences cost the global financial system about one trillion dollars per year according to researchers Hall, Gee, and Mills as recently as 2016. This problem is only made more personal to the people who reside in San Antonio’s urban areas and who send their children to their local public schools. One of the most pronounced problems in San Antonio is the academic underachievement of Latin@ middle school students in literacy. …show more content…
Getting at the Core of Literacy Improvement: A Case Study of an Urban Secondary School (Francois, 2014), Time to Act: An Agenda for Advancing Adolescent Literacy for College and Career Success (Carnegie Council on Advancing Adolescent Literacy, 2010), and The Enhanced Reading Opportunities Study: Findings from the Second Year of Implementation (National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, 2008) are among such studies. It is important to note that great emphasis is placed on how to improve the reading achievement of minority children educated in urban