Ceramic Membranes

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction to Membrane for Water Filtration

Membrane technology has become a dignified separation technology over the past decade. On the membrane market, polymeric membranes are dominating and inorganic membranes are mainly used in special cases, where polymeric membranes cannot be used. In the inorganic membrane markets ceramic membrane materials are dominant, especially alumina membranes which are widely used. Ceramic membranes are especially suitable for processes with high temperatures, harsh chemical environments and for heavy metals industries [1]. Because of this, the ceramic membranes have found many applications in the food, beverage, biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries as well as in the

This produces novel crystalline and amorphous materials with crystallite sizes at the nanometer scale.

Ball mill is a good tool for grinding many materials into fine powder [6].The ball mill is used to grinds many kinds of mines and many materials.There are two types of grinding that is dry process and wet process.It can be divided into tabular type and flowing type according to different forms of discharging materials.After the grinding the state of the solid is changed the size and shape of grain

The water is pushed through the membrane by pressure. All the water that is introduced in the dead-end-cell passes through as the permeate, in other words there is no rejected water. In dead end filtration the retained particles build up with time one the membrane surface or within the membrane. In either case, the particle builds results in an increased resistance to filtration and causes the permeate flux to decline, as a result dead end filtration requires the stopping of filtration in order to clean or replace the membrane therefore this type of filtration is also called batch