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Dd A Mood Disorder

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Recommended: Major biological explanations for depression

MDD is a mood disorder in which one would persistently feel sad and unable to find pleasure in formerly enjoyed activities (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It affects patients’ physical condition, day-to-day functioning, and quality of life (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). According to American Psychiatric Association (as cited in Scrandis & Watt, 2013), diagnosis of MDD is made when patients present with depressed mood or absence of interest in daily activities for a minimum of two weeks and at least five other symptoms as explained in Appendix C, as well as alterations in prior functioning. MDD is considered a chronic illness and therefore require certain amount of time for treatment (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). …show more content…

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is produced by hypothalamus in response to psychological stress, which then signals the secretion of corticotropin from pituitary, which causes the release of cortisol hormone from the adrenal gland into the plasma (Hasler, 2010). CRH is found to cause some physiological and psychosocial changes that resemble depressive symptoms (Hasler, 2010). In addition, cytokines and inflammation may play a part in the development process of some MDD patients with physical comorbidities (Dantzer, O’Connor, Freund, Johnson, & Kelley, 2008). The symptoms of active inflammatory response overlap with symptoms of MDD, including anhedonia, fatigue, psychomotor delay, and cognitive deficiency (Dantzer et al., 2008). Sickness symptoms are the results of interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α, and interleukin-6, which damage the fundamental serotonin mechanism (Dantzer et al., 2008). The last theory of depression is the monoamine-deficiency theory. It simply believes that depressive symptoms are caused by depletion of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine, in the brain (Hasler, 2010). Monoaminergic systems participate in the organization of extensive cognitive functions, such as reward processing, attention, mood, sleep, and appetite (Hasler, …show more content…

Even though depression is a common issue among primary care patients, only few communicate openly with their primary care providers (Williams & Nieuwsma, 2016). Moreover, two-thirds of depressed patients at the clinic setting are present with only bodily symptoms, such as back pain and headache (Williams & Nieuwsma, 2016). The United States Preventive Services Task Force [USPSTF] (2009) commends general depression screening for adults aged 18 and older. However, this takes place only when there are some staff-assisted depression care supports, such as clinical evaluation, patient education, and follow-up calls. Otherwise, routine screening is not recommended, unless in a case where an individual is suspected of having depression based on self-report, clinical scrutiny, or risk factors for depression (USPSTF, 2009). Some established screening instruments include the PHQ-9, the PHQ-2, the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care, and the WHO-5 (Williams & Nieuwsma, 2016). The PHQ-9 is the most widely utilized and accurate screening tool compared to the others (Williams & Nieuwsma, 2016). It is scored 0 to 27, with scores ≥10 indicating a possible depressive disorder (Williams & Nieuwsma,

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The DSM-5 indicates that individuals who meet the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder must demonstrate five or more symptoms that are present simultaneously for at least a two week period, which are significantly different from their normal functioning, (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2015). DSM-5 diagnostic criteria requires at least one of the symptoms to be depressed mood or the loss of interest in things that were once pleasurable. Research suggests that Major Depressive Disorder is highly recurrent. Many clients, who are diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder, have elevated stress levels that cause them to experience recurrent episodes, (Bos, Bouhuys, Geerts, van Os, & Ormel, 2007; van Loo, Aggen, Gardner, & Kendler, 2014).

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After reading this week’s vignette, I have determined that John has major depressive disorder (MDD). The symptoms that I am taking into consideration for the diagnosis of MDD are not enjoying life, feeling down, self-deprecating thought of inadequacy, inability to cope with responsibility that effected employment, thoughts of inadequate job performance, inability to adequately deal with work pressure, difficulty focusing, chronic fatigue, inescapable feeling of gloom, low self-confidence, and pessimistic attitude. In order to be diagnosed with MDD, criteria A-E must be met (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In order to meet criteria A, patients must have five (or more) of nine possible symptoms.

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Depression caused the brain to become unbalances and the connection between the neurons of the neurotransmitter is poor. The serotonin controls to mood, appetite, sleep, aggression, and sexual behaviors. By the way, a person with MDD becomes uninterested in sexual activities. The norepinephrine manages the stressful situation that may arise. Stressful life events such as the loss of a loved one, financial stress, loss of a job, traumatic accidents, and interpersonal problems would change one’s behavior within a matter of minutes.

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Depression is one of the most widely diagnosed mental health issue. The National Institute of Mental Health(NIH) define depression as persistent symptoms of depressive moods that last 2 years and interfere with day to day activities. Throughout the years, medical authorities and researchers have questioned whether or not the withdrawal from antidepressants causes dependence. This is an important issue for several reasons. Firstly, antidepressants are commonly used throughout the world.

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