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Mitochondria Essay

611 Words3 Pages

Humans, like most eukaryotic organisms require a sufficient amount of energy to function and fuel the complex processes that take place in the body, and to do this the cells in our bodies need energy. However the human body cannot harness this energy on its own. This is all possible due to a small independent organelle called the mitochondrion (Petraglia, 2010). The Mitochondrion is a “membrane bound organelle located within the cytoplasm of the cell” (Seidel-Rogol, 2010) that synthesizes ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by conducting a chain of metabolic reactions. Mitochondria provide the cells of organisms with the energy, in the form of ATP to carry out specific functions, which are essential for their survival. In order to carry out this process, mitochondria include a set of mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA (Kelly et al., 2005) that is individual of nucleic DNA. Unlike the DNA contained in the nucleus this mitochondrial DNA contains a specific set of instructions or …show more content…

Inside the cell, mitochondria are dispersed unequally causing an uneven amount of mitochondria to be split between the daughter cells during meiosis. Mitochondrial DNA undergo a form of Mendelian inheritance, in which the DNA is fused together through sexual reproduction (Alberts et al., 2002). This occurs when the cells are “combined”, but since only the mother’s mitochondria are used the zygote contains nucleic DNA that differs from the DNA in its mitochondria. Although this is initially good since this means each mitochondrion will perform functions exactly like the other. Problems arise when mitochondrial diseases come in play. Since mtDNA is inherited maternally, if the mother has a genetic mutation in her mitochondria, the same mutated mitochondria will be passed on to her young (Rogers, 2011). Both genders will be affected in this case since, due to the fact that females pass on an ‘X’

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the nuclear membrane is a double membrane structure that acts as a barrier separating the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 4. Mitochondria- termed as the “powerhouse of the cell,” the mitochondria is responsible for the production of ATP and cellular respiration. Energy is converted in this structure and used for the different activities that take place within the cell. 5.

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1. How does DNA encode information? DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of a phosphate backbone and deoxyribose, and encodes information by the sequence of its nucleotide bases, which are composed of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine. DNA undergoes transcription, which produces single-stranded mRNA, which uses uracil in place of thiamine. Next step is translation, in which the RNA becomes a protein, which then can act as structural units or enzymes.

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Therefore, a boy-girl pair of twins would be genetically different since their sex chromosomes differ. 7. List some examples of chromosomal abnormalities and explain how each relates to an error in meiosis. Some examples of chromosomal abnormalities are extra autosomes, extra or missing sex chromosomes, deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.

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Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to test for mitochondrial activity by isolating different organelles using the differential centrifugation process. Studying mitochondria is extremely important because they control the death and life of the cell by regulating the apoptotic signals (Frezza et al 2007). Also they are responsible for the metabolic reactions (aerobic respiration) and the production of ATP (Frezza et al 2007). Three hypotheses were formed based on my knowledge.

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Almost invariably, bivalent 6 carried two MLH1 foci in homozygotes with no statistical differences between males (1.9 ± 0.06) and females (1.9 ± 0.03); instead, the number of foci was drastically reduced in male (1.1 ± 0.03) and female (1.3 ± 0.09) heterozygotes. In heterozygotes, most bivalents (85%) had one focus; when two foci were present they were more commonly observed in the female. Focus frequency distributions indicate that crossovers occur more frequently towards opposite ends of the bivalent in homozygotes, with one focus at the proximal region and another close to the telomere of the long arm (Figure 3). In heterozygotes, the preferred location of the distal crossover is maintained, but there is a clear increment of foci at 40-50 from the terminus compared to the same region in homozygotes (Figure 3). In the heterozygotes, no foci were observed beyond 40% from the centromere of the acrocentric element, therefore it is possible that one of the inversion breakpoints is located

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The nucleus is the center of the cell, therefore, it directs all cell activities, contains genetic material (DNA), and the nucleus is also separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. The nucleus is similar to a computer keyboard. The keyboard is used to enter data, generate commands and enter shortcuts such as copying, pasting, and deleting items. The mitochondria is a rod shaped organelle.

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Mitochondria are membrane bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells (Alberts et al., 2014), they can be circular or elliptical and have a double membrane (Silverthorn, 2012). ATP production occurs in them through the breakdown of carbohydrates in Oxidative Phosphorylation (Cooper, 2000). The amount of mitochondria in the cell depends on the energy requirement of the cell (Alberts et al., 2014), if the energy demand increases, the amount of mitochondria will increase (Silverthorn, 2012). Extranuclear inheritance exists due to the mitochondria having its own DNA (Hartl and Jones, 2003). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more likely to mutate during replication as this process is not as reliable as nuclear DNA replication (Strachan and Read, 2010).

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In homozygous it is termed “fatal” as there rare two copies of the defective gene. There are severe breathing problems and hydrocephalus that lead to an early death. In heterozygous, there is a presence of one copy of the gene.

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This is why it only affects males, because, they receive one X chromosome from their mother and one Y chromosome from their father. They have a 50% chance of receiving the X chromosome from their mother that carries the muscular dystrophy. Women can carry the Muscular dystrophy gene and not even know it, and it is possible for it to skip multiple generations. A man with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy cannot pass the disease on to his son, but he will pass it on to his daughter because females receive their fathers X chromosome, sons only receive the Y. When girls receive the flawed gene from one parent, the other parent’s gene usually makes up for the lack of protein from the flawed gene. They can, however, have slight muscular dystrophy, but not as severe as the

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The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders, edited by Tracie Moy and Laura Avery, 4th ed. , vol. 2, Gale, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, pp. 1060–1063. Science in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3630400305/SCIC?u=fair10233&xid=daa18de9. Accessed 13 Jan. 2017.

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This is related to evolution, which changes the genotype

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Scientist in the United Kingdom have successfully produced a viable three-parent zygote. The Scientist transplanted the nucleus of an egg into a donor egg and then fertilized the egg and sperm. The procedure allows parents with severe mitochondrial disease, such as Leigh’s disease that is a debilitating mitochondrial disease, to avoid passing on such as harmful disease to their children. I believe their application of eugenic is reasonable justified to avoid harmful traits and diseases from passing on to the next

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Cellular Respiration One of the main essentials of life that all organisms need in order to function in our world is, energy. We receive that energy from the food that we eat. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for a cell to receive the energy stored in food. In cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway, which breaks down the molecules into smaller units, in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, also known as, ATP. ATP, is used by cells in the act of regular cellular operations, it is a “high energy” molecule.

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The newly made mRNA strand travels out of the nucleus to a ribosome where the directions can be made into a protein. A ribosome is composed of one large and one small subunit that assemble around the mRNA. The mRNA now passes through the ribosome. Now, amino acid building blocks are carried into the ribosome attached to specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The small subunit of the ribosome arranges the mRNA so that it can be read it segments of 3 nucleotides.

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