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Phenotypes In Animals Lab Report

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Introduction In the mid 1800's Gregor Mendel generated experiments in his garden and came up with the basis of heredity in traits. He created new ideas known as Mendelians Law. One being the law of segregation , which concludes that there is a presence of dominant and recessive alleles that are passed from parents to their offspring. There is also the law of independent assortment, which concludes that traits were shared autonomously from parents to their offspring. The law of independent assortment involves investigating sex cells so we would not use the law of independent assortment because it is not very likely for peas to have sex chromosomes. During the fast plant experiment we observed artificial selection of three plant generations. We call this artificial selection because we are using selective breeding to develop particular phenotypic traits. The purpose of this lab is to observe the phenotypic changes from one generation to the next ( Law of Segregation). In fast plants there are the presence of trichomes. Trichomes are small outgrowths that function in plant defense (2). The more trichomes ,the better the" fitness "of the plants. (1) Fitness refers to the plants ability to pass genes to future generations. This is related to evolution, which changes the genotype …show more content…

For all the section in total here were about 5,995 seeds that were not germinated and the question is, why? We can see a pattern that only about 60- 70% of the seeds were actually germinated, so what affects germination. Germination can be affected by temperature, moisture/water, and soil use. If the temperature is extremely high or low then that is not ideal for the fast plants. When it comes to the soil use and fertilizer, due to the absence of the first lab, I am not sure if the previous TA measured a specific amount of fertilizer nor a specific soil for this

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5. How do the processes of meiosis and fertilization produce genetic variety? During the meiosis stage of crossing over, the maternal and paternal homologous chromosome segments are being exchanged. During independent assortment, different genes independently separate from one another.

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However, after investigation through gel electrophoresis, the three kinds of plants were not identical. This relates to the

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Human error played a factor because it was not made sure that air was trapped in each bag. In the class data the amount of seeds germinated on day three was higher than the amount of seeds germinated on day four. This is not possible as the amount of seeds germinated cannot decrease, rather they should stay the same or increase. A seed cannot go from being germinated to not being germinated. This could have occurred from miscounting or not accurately counting the number of seeds germinated.

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We made high and low density treatments of ten seeds and two seeds respectively. Each treatment had water, soil, and fertilizer. The height and survivorship from each treatment was averaged over four weeks. These results show no significant difference between the high and low treatments.

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Over the first 7 days, the height of each plant grew in more than half of the height in the 1st day. From the 7th to 14th day, the

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It was used because of its rapid rate of reproduction, The objective of this lab was to determine whether the two crosses conducted fit the expected results of a 9:3:3:1 ratio, which could be done using the Chi Squared Test. The 9:3:3:1 ratio meant that the phenotypes of the F2 offspring would occur in a nine: three: three: one ratio- 9 would be wild-type or normal, 6 of the offspring would have one normal and one mutant characteristic and lastly one of the offspring would be a mutant for both phenotypes. Two distinct crosses were conducted during this experiment: one using red eyed, ebony bodied males and white eyed, brown bodied females as the F1 generation and the other cross using white eyed, brown bodied males and red eyed, ebony bodied females. Our hypothesis, or prediction was that crossing offspring from the F1 generation, or the F2 progeny would fit the expected outcome of a 9:3:3:1 ratio as

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For Natural Selection to occur there must be some level of variation among the population that is heritable.

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This article attempts to form the basis of the discourse community by explaining the basic concept of “heredity”(Genetics), and “chromosomes”(Genetics). Back in the 1920s, genetics was a fairly new subject and very few people knew about it. It was important for the author to establish vocabulary which would be useful for future analysis in the field of genetics. The purpose of this article was to introduce the industry and gain audience rather than analyzing specific research. It was much more generalized in its formative years, after which it started zeroing in on particular

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It was from these instructors that he learned the methods that prepared him for his experiment. In 1856, he began pea plant experiments with hybridization in order to find a more accurate conception of inheritance. At the time, the common scientific opinion of hereditary inheritance was that the offspring would receive an equal copy of the parent’s “essence,” similar to how we know that yellow and blue make green. In order to combat this theory, Mendel chose seven easily distinguishable character traits with opposite examples of

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Next, the amount of seedlings in the tray that expressed a green or white phenotype were both counted. The group observed that there were eleven total seedlings; eight of those seedlings were green and the three remaining were white. The next step in the experiment was to add up the class totals of green to albino seedlings, as shown in table 1. After determining a group phenotype ratio of 8:3 and a class ratio of 42:10, the group questioned what defect the white plants could have that might make the seedlings appear albino instead of green. The students concluded that a lack of chloroplast could explain why some of the seedlings were albino. The lab partners also decided that for a recessive, albino phenotype to be expressed, GG, Gg, and gg had to be the genotypes of the seedlings.

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With this in mind, allele frequency is the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene. On the other hand, one can find many different types of traits on living things, one type of trait is the polygenic trait. A polygenic trait, is a trait controlled by two or more genes. In addition, for this type of traits, there are also different types of natural selection. The types of natural selection on polygenic traits are the following: 1.

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- J. G. Mendel (Kendrick 1996). He immediately noticed that when breeding two peas, a trait in one pea would not appear in the next generation, but would in the third generation. He concluded that the traits were being masked in the second generation and exhibited in the third. For example, if you breed a plant with green peas with a plant with yellow seeds, all their offspring will be yellow. In the next generation, the green peas will show up again.

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(p.61). This means that there are genetic variations within a species, and organisms with traits most suited to the environment will survive better than others, and therefore those traits get passed on. It is important that these traits are genetic, as that is the only way to pass traits on. When this happens through multiple generations, speciation will occur.

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Genetics, the backgrounds of genetics were developed from theories of evolution, the study of how genes influence our bodies, inside and out from health behavior and physical appearance. Helping scientist understand men and women, like, the differences in aggression, the social learning theory of gender role development, a difference between gender role and gender identity, and biological differences associated with sexual preference. The history of genes is fascinating, starting in 1859; Charles Darwin wrote about natural selection “On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life” (Darwin). 1865 the discovery of heredity transmitted in units was made thanks to Gregor Mendel’s

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