ipl-logo

Mitochondria In Eukaryotic Essay

1458 Words6 Pages

The primary role of mitochondria, in eukaryotic cells, is production of metabolic energy. They play a role in oxidative phosphorylation (final step in aerobic respiration) during which ATP is produced. Energy is produced via oxidation of pyruvate and NADH. Firstly the link reaction takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, during which acetyl CoA is formed. This step is followed by the Krebs Cycle in the same location, resulting in 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH+H+ and 1 FADH2 molecules. Final step of aerobic respiration is Electron Transport Chain, which produces majority of ATP molecules via translocation of H+ ions to intermembrane space. (Lodish, 2000) Mitochondrion also plays a role in neurotransmitter release, by activating second messenger system …show more content…

Because mitochondria are considered the fuel tank in a muscle cell, when these organelles are dysfunctional, the damage on the muscle cells is inevitable. With age the amount of mitochondria in muscles declines (Chistiakov et al., 2014). There are increased number on mutations in the mitochondrial DNA and the activity of mitochondrial enzymes decrease, so does their ability to function (carry out oxidative phosphorylation on a needed rate) (Peterson, Johannsen and Ravussin, 2012). All changes due to biochemical and bioenergetic aging of mitochondria - phenotypic step-backs, such as enlarged mitochondrial organelles, depolarization and shortened cristae (Shigenaga, Hagen and Ames, 1994). Thus there is an increase of ATP production. This is the reason behind the reduced aerobic capacity in numerous elderly people. As a result, loss of energy can be connected to muscle weakening and hearts ability to work - mitochondria cannot satisfy organism’s needs. By increasing overall mitochondrial activity in muscle cells, the oxidative metabolism is increased. Supplement containing BETTEREX1 would increase elderly respiratory

Show More
Related
513 Words | 3 Pages

the nuclear membrane is a double membrane structure that acts as a barrier separating the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 4. Mitochondria- termed as the “powerhouse of the cell,” the mitochondria is responsible for the production of ATP and cellular respiration. Energy is converted in this structure and used for the different activities that take place within the cell. 5.

Read More
517 Words | 3 Pages

ATP content and mitochondrial respiration will be measured ex vivo in rats selected from Experiment 2A at each time point (0-3 hours, 2 and 7 days) to determine the effects of melatonin on mitochondrial energetics and ROS production. Data generated will allow a comparison to be done of ex vivo ATP content and mitochondrial respiration rates in lesion versus non-lesion with in vivo measures of ATP status obtained using MRI in the same rat. Comparison will be made between saline and melatonin treated rats. Experiment 1C: To determine the impact of mono therapy (Melatonin) following TBI on apoptotic markers. Fluro Jade B and Nissl staining will be measured ex vivo in rats selected from Experiment 1A at each time point (0-3 hours, 2 and 7 days) to determine the effects of melatonin on apoptosis.

Read More
420 Words | 2 Pages

The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

Read More
1257 Words | 6 Pages

Chromosomes are pulled apart during mitosis; this not a gentle process. To prevent this important genetic information from being lost from the ends of the chromosome, telomeres protect this important information from being lost by taking the loss of its own base pairs. During mitosis, when the telomeres lose some base pairs, they can remain shortened and lead to further breakdown of the telomere, or the enzyme telomerase can add new base pairs allowing new generations of daughter cells to follow. A wild-type (WT) yeast mother cell will stop going through mitosis when it has created about 25 daughter cells. When the telomerase is inactivated, shortening occurs in the late after telomerase inactivation (LTI) which has similarities to normal

Read More
425 Words | 2 Pages

The mitochondria do this by taking the energy from food that the cell takes in or creates. After they collect the chemical energy the mitochondria convert it into a more accessible energy source, ATP. Golgi Complex: The Golgi complex prepares, packages and distributes substances out of the cell. The reason for this is the cell wants to stay even with the entire body. If 60% of the water is in the cell, the Golgi complex is going to get rid of 10% of the water to even it out.

Read More
2102 Words | 9 Pages

Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to test for mitochondrial activity by isolating different organelles using the differential centrifugation process. Studying mitochondria is extremely important because they control the death and life of the cell by regulating the apoptotic signals (Frezza et al 2007). Also they are responsible for the metabolic reactions (aerobic respiration) and the production of ATP (Frezza et al 2007). Three hypotheses were formed based on my knowledge.

Read More
780 Words | 4 Pages

The Effect of Sugar Concentration on CO2 Production by Cellular Respiration in Yeast Introduction In this lab, our main focus was to find how sugar concentration affect yeast respiration rates. This was to simulate the process of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process that cells use to transfer energy from the organic molecules in food to ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate). Glucose, CO2, and yeast (used as a catalyst in this experiment) are a few of the many vital components that contribute to cellular respiration.

Read More
1031 Words | 5 Pages

This organelle is present in all eukaryotic cells and is used to create cell energy, known as adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. The creation of cellular energy through mitochondria is vital to the sustainability of the eukaryotic cell due to the large size and many processes that are being carried out throughout the cell. These processes require energy, therefore, a form of generating energy is necessary in order to keep the cell functioning properly and efficiently. The origins of this organelle can be explained through the theory of

Read More
1706 Words | 7 Pages

Explain the trafficking mechanism of mitochondrial proteins encoded by nuclear DNA and discuss the symptoms of one (1) mitochondrial cytopathy results due to protein

Read More
1361 Words | 6 Pages

This is why mitochondria plays a major role in some diseases and disorders and I will be discussing this in more depth later in the

Read More
427 Words | 2 Pages

Mitochondria are vital organelles found within all cells of organisms excluding red blood cells; they are specialised compartments, and therefore possess their own DNA. By definition the mitochondria are the ‘primary energy-generating system in most eukaryotic cells’ (Chan, 2006). They are often described as the ‘powerhouse’ of cells, providing 90% of the energy required by the body for vital processes and reactions (Pike and Brown, 1975). The circular mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) consists of only 16,569 base pairs (2) but is present in multiple copies in all cells (Lightowlers, Taylor and Turnbull, 2015).

Read More
557 Words | 3 Pages

Eukaryotic cells contain a number of organelles that are essential for cell function. Peroxisomes are extremely important function and in multicellular organisms like humans, defects in the peroxisomes can lead to severe disorders like Zellweger syndrome which emphasizes their importance for the functions of both the cells and the organisms (Faust et al., 2014). In mammals, specifically humans, peroxisomes are responsible for a variety of functions, that essential for the functioning of organs, tissues and systems, like fatty acid beta-oxidation and amino acid catabolism (Wander & Waterham, 2006). First of all, peroxisomes are responsible for fatty acid beta-oxidation. Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA, acyl-CoA, and NADH (Schulz, 1991).

Read More
3186 Words | 13 Pages

Summary Endoplasmic reticulum is a eukaryotic organelle that forms interconnected network of cisternae, vesicles and tubules within the cells[1,2]. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes in its membrane, these ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis[2]. The ribosome free endoplasmic reticulum also know as smooth endoplasmic reticulum, its functions including lipid synthesis, drug detoxification and regulation of calcium concentration[2,3,4]. Furthermore, the endoplasmic reticulum can be isolated from animal soft by centrifugation method and the production form isolation can be used to study the metabolism of lipid and the recovery

Read More
1393 Words | 6 Pages

Cellular Respiration One of the main essentials of life that all organisms need in order to function in our world is, energy. We receive that energy from the food that we eat. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for a cell to receive the energy stored in food. In cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway, which breaks down the molecules into smaller units, in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, also known as, ATP. ATP, is used by cells in the act of regular cellular operations, it is a “high energy” molecule.

Read More
1274 Words | 6 Pages

Since these other studies showed that this kind of exposure lead to increased muscle regeneration, Wyss-Coray et al. researched the individual systemic factors not yet classified, and their associations with aging and tissue degeneration. A proteomic approach was used, otherwise known as a large-scale study of proteins, specifically in regards to their structures and functions. They found seventeen proteins whose level increased in congruence with decreased neurogenesis during aging. From there, they narrowed down the systemic factors to just those associated with heterochronic parabiosis and more specifically, those that were shown to be elevated in old unpaired mice and young heterochronic groups.

Read More

More about Mitochondria In Eukaryotic Essay

Open Document