ipl-logo

Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes

1706 Words7 Pages

The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. All living organisms on earth are made up of one or more cells.
Bacteria is single cellular microscopic organism. The singular world of bacteria is bacterium.Bacteria have been grouped into prokaryotic, which means absence of nucleus. Basically organisms could be categorized as Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (Jones et al, 2007). Prokaryotic cells are divided into two main domains as Archae and Bacteria whereas Eukaryotes are into one single domain as Eukarya. (Jones et al, 2007). The most common example of a prokaryote is Bacteria. Bacteria lacks a defined nucleus and do not have membrane bound organelles. Bacteria have a circular DNA present on the cytoplasm and extra genetic material …show more content…

Similarity in the sequence data for bacterial DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which is derived from Alphaproteobacteria and chloroplast DNA from Cyanobacteria, the agent of louse-borne typhus in human beings, has capped speculation that the rickettsia subdivision of purple bacteria is virtually a sibling (‘sister’) group of mitochondria. As expected, genomic size is both reduced and tailored by Ri. Prowazekkii’s parasitic life styles – the 834 complete open reading frames (ORFs), or protein-encoding genes, of Ri. Prowazekii is scared 20% of the ORFs of Escherichia coli, a free-living (enterobacterium) purple bacterium. Neverthe less, Ri. Prowazekii ‘s ORFs still represent 10 times more genes than those in the most bacterial-like mtDNA (that of Reclinomonas americana, and Ri. Prowazekii also has physically more DNA than Re. Americana (1 111 523 base pairs (bp) in Ri. Prowazekii, compared with 69 034 bp in Re Americana mtDNA), a remarkably large part of which excess (24%) is attributed to noncoding DNA. Thus, DNA in mitochondria, seems to have been drastically ‘down-sized’ following the exile to nucleated cell cytoplasm. Explain the trafficking mechanism of mitochondrial proteins encoded by nuclear DNA and discuss the symptoms of one (1) mitochondrial cytopathy results due to protein …show more content…

In the past much attention has focused on how regulation of cell proliferation controls the production of new cells. However, examination of tissues from adult organisms demonstrates that the majority of cells are not dividing. Consequently the regulation of cell number must inevitably depend upon the control of cessation of cell proliferation. Moreover, since in many tissues cell production is a permanent occurrence, there must be well defined mechanisms for regulating cell loss. In recent years the idea that apoptosis is a common mechanism for regulating cell loss has become well

Show More
Related
839 Words | 4 Pages

There are protozoal, anthropod , helminths, bacterial, and viral. Protozoa are one-celled organisms, they can multiply in the human body which allows them survival and permits serious infections to develop from just a single organism. An arthropod is an invertabrate having a skeleton, a segmented body and jointed appendages and they are larger than protozoa for example lice, ticks. Helminths are known as parasitic worms, are large multicellular organisms, which when mature can generally be seen with the naked eye. They are often referred to as intestinal worms even though not all helminths reside in the intestines.

Read More
1034 Words | 5 Pages

Bacteria can be classified as gram positive or negative (difference in call wall). Gram positive bacteria have a thick cell wall of peptidoglycan (“polymer of disaccharides cross-linked by shorts chains of amino acids”), and stains purple after the staining procedure under a microscope (Todar, Kenneth,

Read More
905 Words | 4 Pages

By understanding the connection between humans and the bacteria thanks to their knowledge of evolutionary history, they were able to replicate the effects of the disease in the bacteria. Research like this not only emphasizes the importance of evolutionary history, but it also has the potential to cure deadly diseases, like the one previously mentioned. Our biology class has studied cells as well, observing patterns through microscopes and identifying different parts of the cell, such as the nucleus and cell wall. Though we haven’t learned much about the mitochondria yet, the research discussed in this book has made me more curious about mitochondria and its role in the human

Read More
347 Words | 2 Pages

Lynn Margulis is famous for discovering primary proponent in the symbiosis in biological evolution. Her “serial endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cell development revolutionized the modern concept of how life arose on earth” was her discovery on cells. In the 1960’s Lynn studied the structure of cells such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts. She found that the chloroplast DNA was alike to the genes in the algaes nuclei. “Algae have swallowed up bacterial partners, and have themselves been included within other single cells.

Read More
495 Words | 2 Pages

a.) The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, with nuclear pores connecting them and regulating the movement of materials between the nucleus and the cytosol (1). The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is the largest organelle, and within in it is the DNA. The DNA within each cell is identical within every cell in an organism, with only small differences due to mutations. The DNA within a nucleus is consists of two chains of combinations of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine, with each chain held together by a Phosphate-deoxyribose backbone (1).

Read More
557 Words | 3 Pages

Of the Enterobacteriaceae family, there are genera that are in the normal human flora. Some species such as K. pneumoniae and E. coli are opportunistic pathogens which can capitalize on weakened host defenses and cause food poisoning (Baron, 1996). S. enterica secrete proteins that help aid in intracellular invasion and proliferation (Hensel, 2009). K. pneumoniae is a part of the normal human mouth, skin, and intestine flora, but can wreak havoc if inhaled (Ryan,

Read More
731 Words | 3 Pages

Instead of a single genomic copy, D. radiodurans cells contain between three and ten copies of its genome, often physically layered on top of each other. This unusual layout of genetic material may account for its amazing DNA repair mechanisms, allowing the microbe to mend its genome with no mutagenesis after 2,000 double-stranded DNA breaks; an amount 130 times greater than what E. coli can handle. Regarding the conversion and production of energy, D. radiodurans has a curious feature that aligns it more with archaea and eukaryotes: a vacuolar ATP synthase protein instead of the F1F0 variant found in most other free-living bacteria. Due to partial conservation of the vacuolar ATP operon compared to archaea, scientists believe the genes were disseminated through horizontal transfer (Makarova,

Read More
954 Words | 4 Pages

Structurally it is rod-shaped and it falls under gram-positive bacteria since it doesn't have an outer cell membrane. It lacks spore formation capability unlike most bacterial and it can make ATP by the process of aerobic respiration should there

Read More
1967 Words | 8 Pages

The genus Streptococcus belongs to the family of Streptococcacaea. It is a type of prokaryote that lacks a nuclear membrane, organelles (except for the ribosomes in the cytoplasm), and has its genetic material arranged in single continuous strands that form loops or coils. They are classified as bacteria because they meet the conditions needed to be classified as one. They are associated with the class of Bacilli, which is a classification of cocci or rod shaped bacteria. Lactobaccillales are the order of gram positive bacteria that can produce lactic acid.

Read More
1233 Words | 5 Pages

They are considered to be the simplest, efficient single-celled organisms known. Just one bacterium’s cell-envelope consist of a plasma membrane and in most cases even a cell wall. These are needed to maintain conditions on the inside that are different from the conditions on the outside of the bacterium. Inside the cell-envelope is cytoplasm as well as proteins that carry out essential functions, such as digesting molecules for food. The cytoplasm also contains genetic information in two structures chromosomes and plasmids.

Read More
915 Words | 4 Pages

Bacteria is one of the first life forms that appeared on Earth, and that today lives essentially in all environments of the world whether an individual is aware or not. It takes many different shapes, but the most common are spiral, rod and spheres. Bacteria cannot be viewed with the naked eye; instead you need a microscope and are extremely small measuring in at 0.2um in diameter and 2-8 um in depth. In the science world bacteria is among the topics of controversy and many question if in fact bacteria is alive, or if it has life. At the end of the day bacteria will gain nutrients, reproduce and survive, making it a live organism and heartless when it comes to the people that it will cross.

Read More
5505 Words | 23 Pages

Proteins that play important role(s) in the structuring of DNA and having the potential to influence gene expression have been explored in all kingdoms of life. The organization of bacterial chromosome is influenced by several important factors. These factors include molecular crowding (de Vries, 2010), negative supercoiling of DNA (Postow et al., 2004), the influence of NAPs (nucleoid-associated proteins) and transcription (Dillon and Dorman, 2010; Dorman, 2009, 2013b;

Read More
1194 Words | 5 Pages

I approached this by using polymerase chain reactions PCR to effectively amplify regions of the mitochondrial DNA for sequencing. My goal during this project was to sequence the complete mitochondrial genome of S. frugiperda. The following year I received the opportunity to work in Dr. Eric Triplett’s laboratory to determine the enumeration and primer sensitivity for the growth and detection of Liberibacter crescens BT-0. Liberibacter crescens is a bacterial species that is known for causing Huanglongbing (HLB) and Zebra

Read More
870 Words | 4 Pages

There are suggestions that homologous recombination could also be a reason for genetic exchange within and between bacterial species. However, the process of homologous recombination is more successful in integrating DNA into the chromosome when the donor and recipient are relatively closely related, and this type of genetic exchange could principally affect the variation in existing genes rather than introducing new and unique traits to the genome. Hence, its role in ecological and physiological diversification of bacteria will be insignificant. When individual genes in different organisms are compared, many instances of HGT have been observed based on the comparison of characteristics of sequences.

Read More
1251 Words | 6 Pages

Bacteria that causes disease are called pathogens. The disease is caused by a poison called exotoxin and endotoxin produced by the bacteria. Another microbial life are protist. They are unicellular eukaryotes. Types of protist includes protozoans and slime molds.

Read More

More about Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes

Related Topics

Open Document