I. Nonverbal communication is communication that uses signals to tell a story and does not require the use of language.
II. It is hard to determine what is considered non-verbal communication.
A. Non-verbal communication is determined by orientations.
a. Orientations are determined between the sender and receiver of the message.
b. Orientations are determined by the process and the method of the message.
B. Codes are created during non-verbal communication
a. The codes determine the meaning of the message.
b. Language is considered a coding system in which 8 are considered normal although there are several more.
III. Non-verbal communication was one of the earliest forms of communicating.
A. There is skill in encoding and decoding non-verbal
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People in social groups use non-verbal communication to signal their identity to members who are outside of their group.
E. One of the main contributors to identity is gender and sex.
a. People identify themselves based on if they are male or female or feminine or masculine (Knapp & Daly, 2011).
b. Non-verbal communication acts or performance based on gender is due to biological differences.
c. When sex-linked differences determine behavior, it is call tertiary gender display (Birdwhistell, 1970).
d. There is socially required links of expressions due to gender.
i. Because men and women have similar expression characteristics this poses some problems. ii. Men and women often display similar behaviors due to the complexity and variety of factors. iii. Confirmed identity differences in male and female are: kinetic, vocal, proximity, haptic, and interaction. They all relate difference in power (Knapp & Daly, 2011).
F. The differences in personalities among men and women are relative to non-verbal communication.
a. Non-verbal communication is related to traits among men and women.
b. Non-verbal behavior patterns show cross situational consistency in interpersonal communication (Funder & Calvin, 1991; Gallaher,
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Judgments can be considered stereotypes (Knapp & Daly, 2011).
b. There can be biases in impression formation.
c. Research shows that appearance plays a role in getting certain jobs in the workplace.
E. There are specific non-verbal cues that are relevant to impression formation (Knapp & Daly, 2011).
a. It is opined that the visual channel is more important than the audio when people form impressions of one another (Zuckerman, Miyake, & Hodgins, 1991).
b. Communication style practices add to how impressions are perceived and decoded.
F. First impression in which people make initial judgments can serve as an outline where future information is filtered.
G. Non-verbal cues are deliberate and brings value to messages
H. When an impression formation process is classified it is known as the expectancy violation theory.
a. This theory posits that non-verbal behaviors will produce either positive or negative outcomes (Knapp & Daly, 2011).
b. Research shows that people who come across as being positive or have positive valence are more credible when they take part in violations
I. Non-verbal communication is an essential way to express emotions.
J. Scholars study ways to connect non-verbal expressions with