independence in early 1960s with the exception of South West Africa (Namibia) and South Africa which regained majority rule in 1990 and 1994 respectively after being protracted by the Nationalist Afrikaners’ Apartheid regime.
The role of Pan African leaders and the transfer of the movement from the Diaspora to Africa:
Pan Africanism has been discussed in details in chapter two of this book, the ‘Origin of Black People in the New World and Diaspora’. The movement as agreed by various scholars originated in the America and the Carribean Islands where African slaves were forced into white economic farms with much exploitation, humiliation, oppression, discrimination, harassment and generally had been denied socio-economic and political rights. The origin of Pan African movement can be traced back from the Triangular Slave trade, the slavery
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Africans were denied priesthood and even sitting arrangement was segregative. Also, African cultures and civilizations were ignored by the white churches. Polygamies, traditional beliefs, dance i.e. ‘Ngoma’, customs and sacrifices were not allowed. Though the struggle had began in the churches, later on, were transformed and supported liberation movements through political parties. Other examples of independent church movement include the Zulu Independent church in South Africa. The Kimbanguism independent religious movement was formed in the Congo Belgium ‘associated with the messianic preacher Simon Kimbangu [1887–1951], who spent 30 years in a colonial prison for inciting Kongo-speakers to believe in the equality of black people. As decolonization approached, the preacher’s son set up an independent church that challenged not only the racism of the state, but also the collaborationist stance of white-run mission churches, both Catholic and Protestant’ (Birmingham, 1995: