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Psychopathological Factors

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Recommended: Analyse the significance of attachment on children's development

Family factors affecting psychopathological symptoms in children: attachment and parental rearing behaviors 1. Introduction Family factors are thought to play an important role in explaining the origins of internalizing and externalizing problems in young people. Externalizing symptoms refer to behaviors in which the child is in conflict with the environment, such as disruptive, aggressive, hyperactive, and antisocial behavior (Roelofs, Meesters, ter Huurne, Bamelis, & Muris, 2006; Yahav, 2007). Internalizing symptoms include feelings of anxiety and/or depression (Roelofs et al., 2006; Yahav, 2007). One important family factor which seems to affect the development of psychopathological symptoms in children is attachment. Attachment refers …show more content…

Parental rearing behaviors are also thought to play a prominent role in psychopathology in children and adolescents (Brown & Whiteside, 2008; Muris, Meesters, Schouten, & Hoge, 2004; Muris, Meesters, et al., 2003c; Nishikawa, Sundbom, & Hägglöf, 2010; Ritchie & Buchanan, 2011; Roelofs, Meesters, & Muris, 2008; Roelofs et al., 2006; Van Brakel et al., 2006; Yahav, 2007). Factor analytic studies have established two main dimensions of parental rearing behaviors (Baumrind, 1967; Baumrind, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The first dimension, which can be defined as “care,” describes behaviors and attitudes related to acceptance, warmth, and on the reverse side, rejection and criticism. The second dimension, which can be labeled as “control,” refers to parental control, protection, and, on the reverse side, promotion of autonomy (Baumrind, 1967, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). Research has supported the idea that these two main parental rearing dimensions play a role in the development of psychopathology in children and adolescents, especially in the development of internalizing problem behavior (Muris, Meesters, & van Brakel, 2003). For example, Ritchie and Buchanan (2010) suggest that negative parenting styles are significantly correlated with raised scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Muris et al., …show more content…

A study by Muris et al. (2003a) showed that both attachment and parental rearing behaviors accounted for a unique proportion of the variance of internalizing symptoms. In this study, only parental rearing behaviors declared a significant proportion of the variance in predicting externalizing symptoms. While previous studies did not find any gender effects, Roelofs et al. (2006) argue that there is a gender-specific relationship in examining the relative contribution of attachment style and perceived parental rearing behaviors. Roelofs et al. (2006) found that only secure attachment of boys towards the father explained a significant proportion in the variance of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, the results indicated that in children, and particularly in girls, attachment style seems to have a less prominent role in declaring variance in internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors compared to negative rearing behaviors (Roelofs et al.,

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The secure attachment style is given to a child when they have comforting and consoling parents, that way the child can later go to them when they are in need. On the other side of the spectrum, Ainsworth names another attachment style insecure avoidant; a child is insecure avoidant when they receive no response or concern from their mother or father figures and they learn that they need to rely mostly on themselves in times of need. A mix of the two is given the name insecure preoccupied, or insecure anxious, and this attachment style happens when sometimes the mother or father are present when the child needs help, so they receive some contact; the child yearns for attention, but rarely gets a reciprocating

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The last insecure attachment is known as disorganized which usually results in relationship and behavioral patterns for the children later in

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Parents have a large impact on their children's lives, and depending on what type of parent they are, the child will act differently in the

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I understand now how the developmental theories can introduce a clear understanding about the case conceptualization not only for the children, but also for the adults and the children 's future as well. As Adler-Tapia, R. (2012) stated that “The studies included here are about the overwhelming evidence that the earliest relationship not only has significant impact on the child health and development, but even the quality of the individuals future relationship” (p.39). As a future therapist, I need to look carefully to the child 's parent attachment dynamic to understand the child suffers and gain more information about the child which it could lead me to choose the right intervention. As Adler-Tapia, R. (2012) stated that “In psychotherapy, it is important for the therapist to assess the quality of the child 's attachment with parent. The parent 's attachment and trauma history will provide a great deal of information about the relationship between parent and child”

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Ainsworth’s descriptions of attachment were found to be related to relationship development. Specifically, adults with avoidant tendencies tend to be relatively uninterested in romantic relationships, have a higher breakup rate than secure adults (Shaver & Brennan, 1992), and grieve less after a breakup (Simpson, 1990). Anxious adults are obsessed with their romantic partners and form extreme jealousy (Collins, 1996; Hazan & Shaver, 1987). Relationships with a partner who has an anxious attachment have a higher rate for breakups as well.

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Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver in 1980 were able to move the theory of attachment and children into developed theories of attachment on adulthood relationships. They found that even in cases of adults a strong attachment is still very important, Hazan and Shaver (1980) concluded that a balance intimacy with independence within a relationship is best, if the attachment was too strong both parties would be over dependent, and if the attachment was weak there would be a lack of intimacy with feeing of inadequacy (Hazan and Shaver, 1980). Many past findings have suggested that secure attachment is related to high levels of self-esteem; such is found evident in Wilkinson (2004) research about the role of parental and peer attachment in the psychological

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Although we are studying theories, some of them appear to explain human behavior and personality with certain accuracy. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth theories of attachment can also explain what happens to people when attachment to their parents or caregivers is healthy or potential problems that could occur due to detachments. They suggest that individuals raised with secure attachments to their primary caregivers help them to feel secure; moreover, these children appear to be more socially skilled and less likely to experience major emotional disturbances. However, failure to form healthy attachments, especially mother-child, could serve as a descriptive mechanism for many negative psychological outcomes later in the life of an individual,

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The attachment theory helps us understand the complexity of human relationships and how a disruption on early attachment can affect a child’s development therefore it helps professionals develop intervention strategies and programs that can focus on building or reinforcing relationships that can help the child develop into a healthier environment. Intervention strategist have been developed in order to improve attachment disruptions/traumas in children (Zilbestein, 2014a). There are two best known treatments for older children with attachment disruptions, Attachment, Regulation and Competency (ARC) and Dyadic Developmental Therapy (DDT) both treatments aim in helping build new relationships between caregivers and children. There is little evidence

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Problem: As a society, we are beginning to see that biological parents are not taking an active role in the juvenile justice system, or simply not as active as one would hope they would accept and perform, which is presenting further problems and concerns within the system (Baker, et al., 2013; Greenwood, 2008). Due to parents not being as actively involved as what certain individuals may like to see, other concerns can arise, creating this sense of criticism, along with a flawed juvenile justice system to the untrained societal eye because parents are not home with their families, they are in out of home placements (Amandoala, 2009; Farrugggia, & Sorkin, 2009; Woods, Farineau, & McWey, 2013; Younes & Harp, 2007). There are a handful of different agencies and individuals who become involved in a juvenile’s life if they act delinquent, and

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In 1969, John Bowlby made the connection that formed relationships and attachments to caregivers contributes to future development and growth. The attachment theory focuses on relationship association between caregivers and their children. Children who established a foundation with a caregiver despite their biological relation, gain much needed support. Establishing support, encourages a child’s development. The comfort of safety, allows children to feel secure in taking risks (Groman, 2012).

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Personality disorders are conditions that are considered to cause patterns of abnormal behavior in person. A person suffering from the personality disorder is recognized through distressing symptoms which are ranging. However, borderline personality is a common and most frequent personality disorder which is considered to be a serious mental health disease. It is characterized by the range of pervasive patterns such as instability effect of regulation, interpersonal relationship conflicts, impulse control and self-image(Lien et al,2004).. However, this research paper develops an insight of an epidemiology study that highlights the etiology, incidence or prevalence and the secondary symptoms of borderline personality disorder.

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Children in these homes do not have a parental figure to look up to. Consequently, this can harm the children’s emotional

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Externalizing problems are disobeying rules, physical aggression, and threatening others. As a result of constant interparental violence, a child's coping ability may be, depleted, which, can result in physiological problems(Kelley 1025) And over time, the more these children are exposed to this violence, their ability to regulate feelings of, fear and worry, is weakened causing them to be, more vulnerable to internalizing problems. However, the children who are better able to maintain these feelings are more likely to experience internalizing problems(Kelley 1026). Witnessing parental violence affects a child's

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Briefly, attachment theory is one of the influential developmental concept that underlines the human behavior and interaction and in addition to psychopathology and psychotherapy (Mickelson et al., 1997). It has been argued that attachment theory can contribute our understanding of psychosis development and maintenance (Liotti &Gumley, 2009). Psychosocial models of psychosis took attachment theory as their reference to examine psychosis development (Read & Gumley, 2010). Evidence from Dozier (1990) and Dozier et al.(1991) underlined that psychosis patients significantly had high levels of insecure attachment when compared to non psychotic patients. In particular, associations between avoidant attachment and psychosis found (Berry et al., 2008).

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Overview of Attachment Theory Attachment theory tries to describe the evolution of personality and behaviour in relationships and it gives a reason for the difference in a person’s emotional and relationship attitudes. In the beginning, it looked at the mechanics of relationships between children and their parents but it has since been expanded to cover the entire life of the human being (Howe, 2000). Attachment theory includes insights learned from evolutionary theory, ethology, systems theory and developmental psychology (Howe, 2001).

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