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Phonological Awareness And Reading

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Recommended: Literature review on phonemic awareness

1-Introduction
Reading is an essential component of academic learning and base of becoming an informed member of community(Koda, 2008), Also, it is believed that reading is in the top of the national agenda.(McGill-Franzen, 2011).Since the ease of learning to read and spell depends on our native language, the incidence of developmental dyslexia depends on the depth of the language. the incidence of dyslexia for speakers of alphabetic languages is between 5% and 15% (Brunswick, 2009).
Phonological awareness is the metalinguistic ability by which children can recognize (and manipulate) individual sounds in oral language, from words to syllables and phonemes. According to Everatt (2006) phonological awareness is understanding speech sounds regardless …show more content…

In alphabetic languages such as English, individual spoken sounds are represented by individual letters or groups of letters. For reading and spelling, a young child should learn the complex rules by which these letters and sounds relate to each other. In languages with non-alphabetic orthography such as Chinese, There is no need to break words down into individual phonemes. Phonological impairments can cause greater difficulty in alphabetic languages than in logographic languages (Brunswick, 2009: 48). Several studies have shown that phonological awareness is essential in literacy and development of skills in reading and writing. The importance of this capability is to the extent that some children especially poor reader may never attain qualification for doing the complex phoneme manipulation …show more content…

The sample consisted of two language groups, namely first-language English (EL1), an opaque orthography (n=42) and second-language English with first-language one of the nine official African languages of South Africa (EL2), a transparent orthography (n=37). English is deep language due to its inconsistent grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence and irregular orthography (Wydell, 1999). His primary aim was to examine the relationship between phonological awareness and working memory. He found that the relationship between working memory and phonological awareness depended on the depth of analysis of phonological awareness, which determines the level of demand made on working memory. It shows that the type of the task is very important in the result of test’s

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In Dr. Louise Spear- Swerlings’ article, she stated that in Kindergarten through third grade, student should be taught five key elements for effective reading abilities, which are phonemic awareness, phonics knowledge, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension. Dr. Spear- Swerling, continued by saying phonic awareness is well develop in normally achieving reader by the end of first grade and by the end of third grade they should have acquired basic phonics knowledge. In addition to children excelling to become good readers, the instructions should be explicit and systematic, following a logical sequence of instruction. For instance, reading a decodable text that’s consisting of words with one syllable before advancing to an authentic text.

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Oral language include a few areas, such as: phonology that includes the system of sounds within a language; phonemic awareness is the most complex level of phonological awareness and include blending, segmenting, manipulating sounds; semantics (developing expressive and receptive vocabulary); syntax (set of rules to follow to combine words and phrases into sentences, and sentences into paragraphs); morphology (focuses on the smallest units within a word, and rules how to form words); discourse (oral and written

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Evidence-based phonological awareness instruction is instruction in which students are working with sounds. For example, students may work on rhyming such as with the words cat, bat, and hat. Phonological awareness is mostly focused on listening for the sound of words, and not on written words. In other words, phonological awareness instruction supports students in paying attention to how different sounds and words are made before they start working with printed words. Additionally, phonological awareness instruction is important because it helps children learn how to read.

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The sound system is more complex and inconsistent in English than in other languages. There are more than 40 different phonemes in spoken English, and there can be a number of different phonemes to represent the same sound (for example, f and ph'). Phonics helps us to look at the different letter patterns together, along with their sounds. Synthetic phonics puts the teaching of letters and sounds into an orderly framework. It requires the reader to learn simpler individual sounds first, then start to put them together to form words, and finally progress to the most complex combinations.

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