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Population Health Inequalities Essay

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Population health social determinants of health inequalities (SDHI) is evaluated through a systematic approach, and is identified as non-linear, emergent and adaptive compared to a linear cause and effect relationship. Additionally, the generational health inequities arising from the social environments are social selection, social causation, and life course perspective which is also integrated into the population health complex system. First, social selection is defined as a person’s will determine their social and economic position in society. Secondly, social causation is the unequal distribution of resources, psychological stress from living in a lower socioeconomic society, and unhealthy behaviors practiced in impoverished communities. And lastly, life course perspective is a person’s lifespan effected by determinants such as malnutrition, lack of education, and high risk jobs susceptible to hazards and injury. SDHI, historically thought to occur from hierarchical power, has been limited in solving the disparities in health outcomes. According to system theory and complexity, SDHI cannot be explored through a linear microscope, evaluating the cause and effect one constituent part at a time. Instead, SDHI is described as the interaction between determinants; and, the nonlinerarity and emergence concepts illustrate the complexity in …show more content…

To measure population health outcomes, when using a simulation model, standardized measurements in income, education, and geographic location can be added to the unattended consequences such as obesity and nutrition. The minor change in rules (consequences) and conditions (standardized measurements) will illustrate divergent and perceived patterns within the complex population health system affording the assessor data to develop the means to lessen health

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The lecture, led by Dr. Christian Dimaano, discussed a variety of health disparities and then went into an in depth look at Henrietta Lacks, and the use of her cells in scientific research. He described health disparities as the differences of health problems between races, lifestyles, and mental processes. This was a very interesting topic for me, as a nursing major, I hadn’t really thought about health disparities before, so it was interesting to think about all of the potentially higher health risks that can occur simply because a patients race, or mental state. He also discussed the social determinants of heath and how things like your physical environment, economic stability, social community, and education can all influence your health. Dr. Dimaano also talked about how social determinants of health are health problems that you had no choice in, they are developed by factors such as sex, age, genes, medical care, and individual behaviors such as work and home life.

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Before we look at the different Social/Psychological Determinants of Health it is important firstly to define what a social determinant of health is. According to the World Health Organization (2017) “The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.” These conditions are as a result of a wide range of factors that are ultimately governed by the way in which money, power and specific resources are shared at different levels including those at global, national and local levels. We have all been a part of and will experience different social determinants of health throughout our lives but it is the standard at which we experience these determinants that will ultimately lead onto them affecting our health or ultimately leaving us unaffected. The Social Determinants of Health which I am going to examine include • Education • Unemployment • Stress • Living Conditions • Cultural Norms.

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For example, food insecurity is considered a major social determinant of health. Food Insecurity occurs when people do not have access to adequate and nutritional foods necessary to maintain a healthy lifestyle (Lombe et al, 2016). There is a direct relationship between one’s social economic status and the type of food they can afford. Households living below the poverty line lack the resources financially to afford healthier or organic food alternatives. What is more, they may not have the means of transportation to get to those supermarkets where healthier foods are sold.

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What are causes of health disparities? The causes of health disparities come from lack of access to health services, behaviors, and education. A person with a high education, gets a high paying job, would have access to a great health plan that he or she can afford. The behaviors people have when it comes to health might frighten a person to see a doctor.

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By reducing health disparities, vulnerable populations are empowered, increasing the equality in access to health care services, quality of care and efficiency of services. The United States is currently integrating the population health framework into its health care system to be understand the different determinants of health. As described by Jonas & Kovner, population health involves primary prevention, as well as the ability to involve social, behavioral, and environmental determinants of health in a way that the patients will be able to carry out their medical providers’ recommendations about lifestyle behaviors to reduce potential complications as well as to prevent social crises such as homelessness and losing jobs (95).

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Many Americans were led to believe that the introduction of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2009 would put an end to disparities in health care access. While it did improve the situation for a small percentage of the population there are still many Americans who lack access to good quality health care. Health care access in America is determined by money and those in lower socioeconomic groups frequently tend to miss out on adequate care. In a recent health care report by the national health research foundation Kaiser Family Foundation, it was noted “health care disparities remain a persistent problem in the United States, leading to certain groups being at higher risk of being uninsured, having limited access to care, and experiencing poorer quality of care” (Kaiser Family Foundation). The current health care

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The term social determinants of health, can be defined as a ‘set of conditions in which people are born, grow up, live and work.’ These conditions include housing, education, financial security and the environment along with the healthcare service. (http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/438838/01.12_Health_inequalities_and_the_social_determinants_of_health.pdf) These factors are affected by the amount of money, power and resources that are available at a global, national and local level. Social determinants of health are linked to health inequalities according to the World Health Organisation, health inequalities are ‘the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.’

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Kaiser Family Foundation (2012), health and health care despairs refer to differences in the health and health care between population groups. The health disparity generally refers to a higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one population group relative to another. A health care disparity typically refers to the differences between groups in health coverage, access to care, and quality of care. While disparities are commonly viewed through the lens of race and ethnicity, they occur across many dimensions, including socioeconomic status, age, location, gender, disability status, and sexual orientation (HKFF,

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The Biopsychosocial model (Suls & Rothman, 2004) is one of the earliest multi-dimensional models of the health field. This model demonstrates the interaction between biological and social factors in regard to disease analysis. It displays levels above and below a person arranged from global systems at the top and genetic systems at the bottom. In the Social and Behavioral Foundations of Public Health, Coreil (2010) describes how the biopsychosocial is more concerned with the biological systems within the human body and pays greater attention to this interplay. In the case study, Cockerham (2013) details how social conditions act as the ultimate causes of diabetes and diabetes related fatalities in the community of East Harlem.

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These factors are known as the Social Determinants of health. “The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system” (WHO). Dalgren & Whitehead (1991) image of the social determinants of health aims to show the relationship between the person, their environment and their health. The modifiable factors, people’s age, gender and race lie in the centre surrounded by non modifiable factors like profession, housing, education and public policy. There is a direct relationship between people’s environment and their health, e.g. people who live in damp housing have a higher incidence of respiratory health problems (Farell et al.

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This essay aims to identify and evaluate the inequalities in health care in different areas of society, namely disability and gender. Firstly, it is important to understand what we mean by health inequalities. It is commonly understood that health inequality refers to unjust differences in the health status, usually preventable, between different groups, populations or individuals. The existence of such inequalities is attributed to the unequal distributions of social, environmental and economic conditions within societies. Such conditions determine the risk of individuals getting ill, their ability to prevent sickness, as well as opportunities to access to the right treatments.

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